Modular medical fluid management assemblies, machines and methods

ABSTRACT

A medical fluid management assembly includes a pneumatic manifold, a pump and valve engine, and a fluid manifold. The pneumatic manifold includes a plurality of pneumatic passageways and a plurality of pneumatic connectors. The pump and valve engine includes a plurality of valve chambers, at least one pump chamber, and a plurality of pneumatic connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the pneumatic connectors of the pneumatic manifold. The pump and valve engine also includes a plurality of fluid connectors. The fluid manifold includes a plurality of fluid pathways and a plurality of fluid connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the fluid connectors of the pump and valve engine.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application claims priority to and the benefit as a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/723,773, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,729,839, filed Oct. 3, 2017, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference and relied upon.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application shares a common written description and drawings with U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/723,921, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,722,635, entitled “Modular Medical Fluid Management Assemblies and Associated Machines and Methods”, filed concurrently with U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/723,773 on Oct. 3, 2017.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates generally to fluid management devices, systems and methods. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to fluid management devices, systems and methods for medical fluid delivery, such as blood, dialysis fluid, substitution fluid or intravenous drug delivery.

Due to various causes, a person's renal system can fail. Renal failure produces several physiological derangements. It is no longer possible to balance water and minerals or to excrete daily metabolic load. Toxic end products of nitrogen metabolism (urea, creatinine, uric acid, and others) can accumulate in blood and tissue.

Kidney failure and reduced kidney function have been treated with dialysis. Dialysis removes waste, toxins and excess water from the body that normal functioning kidneys would otherwise remove. Dialysis treatment for replacement of kidney functions is critical to many people because the treatment is life saving.

One type of kidney failure therapy is Hemodialysis (“HD”), which in general uses diffusion to remove waste products from a patient's blood. A diffusive gradient occurs across the semi-permeable dialyzer between the blood and an electrolyte solution called dialysate or dialysis fluid to cause diffusion.

Hemofiltration (“HF”) is an alternative renal replacement therapy that relies on a convective transport of toxins from the patient's blood. HF is accomplished by adding substitution or replacement fluid to the extracorporeal circuit during treatment (typically ten to ninety liters of such fluid). The substitution fluid and the fluid accumulated by the patient in between treatments is ultrafiltered over the course of the HF treatment, providing a convective transport mechanism that is particularly beneficial in removing middle and large molecules (in hemodialysis there is a small amount of waste removed along with the fluid gained between dialysis sessions, however, the solute drag from the removal of that ultrafiltrate is not enough to provide convective clearance).

Hemodiafiltration (“HDF”) is a treatment modality that combines convective and diffusive clearances. HDF uses dialysis fluid flowing through a dialyzer, similar to standard hemodialysis, to provide diffusive clearance. In addition, substitution solution is provided directly to the extracorporeal circuit, providing convective clearance.

Most HD (HF, HDF) treatments occur in centers. A trend towards home hemodialysis (“HHD”) exists today in part because HHD can be performed daily, offering therapeutic benefits over in-center hemodialysis treatments, which occur typically bi- or tri-weekly. Studies have shown that more frequent treatments remove more toxins and waste products than a patient receiving less frequent but perhaps longer treatments. A patient receiving more frequent treatments does not experience as much of a down cycle as does an in-center patient, who has built-up two or three days worth of toxins prior to a treatment. In certain areas, the closest dialysis center can be many miles from the patient's home causing door-to-door treatment time to consume a large portion of the day. HHD can take place overnight or during the day while the patient relaxes, works or is otherwise productive.

Another type of kidney failure therapy is peritoneal dialysis, which infuses a dialysis solution, also called dialysis fluid, into a patient's peritoneal cavity via a catheter. The dialysis fluid contacts the peritoneal membrane of the peritoneal cavity. Waste, toxins and excess water pass from the patient's bloodstream, through the peritoneal membrane and into the dialysis fluid due to diffusion and osmosis, i.e., an osmotic gradient occurs across the membrane. An osmotic agent in dialysis provides the osmotic gradient. The used or spent dialysis fluid is drained from the patient, removing waste, toxins and excess water from the patient. This cycle is repeated, e.g., multiple times.

There are various types of peritoneal dialysis therapies, including continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (“CAPD”), automated peritoneal dialysis (“APD”), tidal flow dialysis and continuous flow peritoneal dialysis (“CFPD”). CAPD is a manual dialysis treatment. Here, the patient manually connects an implanted catheter to a drain to allow used or spent dialysis fluid to drain from the peritoneal cavity. The patient then connects the catheter to a bag of fresh dialysis fluid to infuse fresh dialysis fluid through the catheter and into the patient. The patient disconnects the catheter from the fresh dialysis fluid bag and allows the dialysis fluid to dwell within the peritoneal cavity, wherein the transfer of waste, toxins and excess water takes place. After a dwell period, the patient repeats the manual dialysis procedure, for example, four times per day, each treatment lasting about an hour. Manual peritoneal dialysis requires a significant amount of time and effort from the patient, leaving ample room for improvement.

Automated peritoneal dialysis (“APD”) is similar to CAPD in that the dialysis treatment includes drain, fill and dwell cycles. APD machines, however, perform the cycles automatically, typically while the patient sleeps. APD machines free patients from having to manually perform the treatment cycles and from having to transport supplies during the day. APD machines connect fluidly to an implanted catheter, to a source or bag of fresh dialysis fluid and to a fluid drain. APD machines pump fresh dialysis fluid from a dialysis fluid source, through the catheter and into the patient's peritoneal cavity. APD machines also allow for the dialysis fluid to dwell within the cavity and for the transfer of waste, toxins and excess water to take place. The source may include multiple sterile dialysis fluid solution bags.

APD machines pump used or spent dialysate from the peritoneal cavity, though the catheter, and to the drain. As with the manual process, several drain, fill and dwell cycles occur during dialysis. A “last fill” occurs at the end of APD and remains in the peritoneal cavity of the patient until the next treatment.

In any of the above modalities using an automated machine, it is desirable to provide a unit that is safe, reliable, performs well, is cost effective and reduces disposable waste if possible. Regarding reliability and safety, it is desirable that the machine operates within safe limits, but that the limits are diverse enough to allow the machine to operate without constant alarming or interruption due, for example, to a sensed parameter falling out of a range that has been set too narrowly. Reliability also depends upon robustness, e.g., making working and/or process fluid connections and seals that are easy to produce and that hold up under pressure. Performance involves being able to meet treatment goals and with overall operability including ease of setup and control. Cost effectiveness and disposable waste are related. In many instances, payment for treatment using the machines includes reimbursement. In such case, or in any case, reducing cost of disposable waste by reducing the amount of disposable items and/or enabling reuse of disposable items is desirable.

An automated medical fluid machine improving at least some of the above measurables is needed accordingly. For example, it may be desirable to make the medical fluid machine simpler, more modular, less expensive to manufacture, easier to assemble or disassemble, e.g., at home, and/or easier to maintain. Making components of the medical fluid machine modular, for example, allows parts and subassemblies to be used in future generation machines and related products.

SUMMARY

The examples described herein disclose automated systems and methods applicable, for example, to fluid delivery for: plasmapherisis, hemodialysis (“HD”), hemofiltration (“HF”) hemodiafiltration (“HDF”), continuous renal replacement therapy (“CRRT”), apheresis, autotransfusion, hemofiltration for sepsis, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (“ECMO”) treatments. The systems and methods described herein may also be applicable to peritoneal dialysis (“PD”) and to intravenous drug delivery. These modalities may be referred to collectively or generally individually as medical fluid delivery.

Moreover, each of the assemblies, machines and methods described herein may be used with clinical or home-based applications. For example, the assemblies may be employed in in-center HD, HF or HDF machines, which run throughout the day. Alternatively, the assemblies may be used with home HD, HF or HDF machines, which are operated at the patient's convenience. One such home system that may be modified according to the present disclosure is described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,029,454 (“the '454 patent”), issued Oct. 4, 2011, entitled “High Convection Home Hemodialysis/Hemofiltration And Sorbent System”, filed Nov. 4, 2004, assigned to the assignee of the present application, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference and relied upon.

In the present disclosure, a modular fluid management assembly, machine and method are provided. The modular fluid assembly is operated pneumatically in one embodiment. The assemblies may employ three primary components, namely, a pump and valve component (which may be referred to herein as a pump and valve engine), a pneumatic manifold, and a fluid (e.g., blood, dialysis fluid, liquid concentrate and/or water) manifold. The pump and valve component or engine in an embodiment contacts both fluid and air. The pneumatic manifold in an embodiment contacts only air, assuming no fluid leaks. The fluid manifold in an embodiment contacts only fluid, assuming no entrained air and no air leaks.

The pump and valve engine in an embodiment includes an air side and a fluid side, which are separated by a flexible membrane (referring to any of a flexible membrane, sheet or diaphragm) or by multiple flexible membranes sealed to one or more rigid structure. The pneumatic manifold is located on, e.g., coupled to, the air side of the pump and valve engine, while the fluid manifold is located on, e.g., coupled to, the fluid side of the manifold. In an embodiment, the air side of the engine defines pump and valve ports that extend into sealed communication with respective pump and valve recesses defined by the pneumatic manifold. In an embodiment, the fluid side of the engine defines pump and valve ports that extend into sealed communication with respective pump and valve recesses defined by the pneumatic manifold. The ports and recesses for the pump and valve engine and either one or both of the air and/or fluid manifolds may be reversed alternatively.

In an embodiment, the pneumatic manifold is made of a machined or molded material, such as metal or plastic and is reusable and generally not disposable. The machined pneumatic manifold may, for example, include multiple machined plates sealed together via a compressible gasket. One or more of the plates may have machined pneumatic passageways that greatly reduce the amount of pneumatic tubing needed to deliver positive and negative pneumatic pressure (or vent to atmosphere) to desired different locations of the pump and valve engine. Because the pneumatic manifold is not reusable and may contain many narrow machined pneumatic passageways, it is important to prevent fluid from leaking into the pneumatic manifold. To do so, multiple flexible membranes may be used in concert in the pump and valve engine. The additional flexible membrane(s) provides redundancy against fluid leaks, greatly reducing the chance that fluid, such as dialysis fluid or water, will enter the pneumatic manifold.

The pump and valve engine and the fluid manifold touch process fluid, such as dialysis fluid and/or water and are therefore disposable. Disposable may mean single use or may include multiple uses with a disinfection procedure performed in between uses. Because the engine and fluid manifold are disposable, they are likely made of a biocompatible, rigid plastic or other relatively inexpensive, liquid-tight material and are manufactured using mass production method, such as injection molding, for example. As mentioned above, the pump and valve engine will have one or more flexible membrane for performing the pumping and valving functions. The one or more flexible membrane may be made of a flexible rubber or plastic, such as silicone or polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”). The one or more flexible membrane may be solvent bonded, radio frequency welded, heat sealed and/or mechanically clamped to the rigid portion of the pump and valve engine.

The pump and valve engine may provide additional fluid storage vessels, such as balance chambers, a water accumulation chamber, one or more mixing chamber, and/or a water or dialysis fluid dearation chamber, sometimes called an airtrap. Each of the balance chambers, water accumulation chamber, mixing chamber and water or dialysis fluid dearation chamber differs from the pumps and valves in that they are not connected to the pneumatic manifold and instead include one or more connection to the fluid manifold. The balance chamber balances the flow of fresh and used dialysis fluid to and from the blood circuit, e.g., to and from a dialyzer. Two balance chambers may be provided so that fresh and used fluid flow relatively constantly to and from the blood circuit. The water accumulator stores a bolus of purified water in case of a temporary increased demand. The balance chambers and water accumulator may each employ a flexible membrane. The mixing chamber mixes water and a concentrate, such as a liquid acid concentrate, or water mixed with a concentrate, such as a powdered bicarbonate concentrate with an acid concentrate. The dearation chamber is shaped to remove and collect air from water or dialysis fluid flowing through the chamber.

The rigid, e.g., plastic, fluid manifold does not require a flexible membrane in one embodiment. The fluid manifold defines fluid pathways, e.g., rigid fluid pathways, which lead to inlet and outlet ports. The fluid manifold may also sealingly and removeably accept fluidic components, such as an ultrafilter with the goal of eliminating fluidic tubing as much as possible. It is contemplated that fluidic tubing may be optimized down to tubing for: (i) a purified water inlet, (ii) a liquid concentrate inlet, (iii) a fresh dialysis fluid inlet to the extracorporeal circuit (e.g., dialyzer), (iv) a used dialysis fluid outlet from the extracorporeal circuit (e.g., dialyzer), (v) a fresh dialysis fluid inlet to a dialysis fluid holding tank, (vi) a fresh dialysis fluid outlet from the dialysis fluid holding tank, and (vii) a drain line, wherein the drain line may be connected to a separate drain fluid manifold, which is separately replaceable relative to the fluid manifold.

In an embodiment, the fluid manifold is a single fluid manifold for each of a plurality of involved process fluids, such as blood, purified water, liquid concentrate and dialysis fluid. In an alternative embodiment, separate fluid manifolds may be provided for separate fluids, e.g., one for blood, purified water, another for liquid concentrate, and a fourth for dialysis fluid. In this manner, the separate fluid manifolds may be replaced individually as needed, e.g., the dialysis fluid manifold more often than the purified water manifold or the liquid concentrate.

In an embodiment, the pump and valve engine is a single pump and valve engine for each of a plurality of involved process fluids, such as blood, purified water, liquid concentrate and dialysis fluid. In an alternative embodiment, separate pump and valve engines may be provided for separate fluids, e.g., one for blood, purified water, another for liquid concentrate, and a fourth for dialysis fluid. In this manner, the separate pump and valve engines may be replaced individually as needed, e.g., the pump and valve engine that has the most pumping and valve chambers more often than the pump and valve engines having less pump and valve chambers.

In an embodiment, the pneumatic manifold is a single pneumatic manifold for each of a plurality of involved process fluids, such as blood, purified water, liquid concentrate and dialysis fluid. The single pneumatic manifold may be used with a single fluid manifold and/or a single pump and valve engine. The single pneumatic manifold may be used alternatively with multiple fluid manifolds and/or a multiple pump and valve engines. In an alternative embodiment, separate pneumatic manifolds may be provided for separate fluids, e.g., one for blood, purified another for liquid concentrate, and a fourth for dialysis fluid. The separate pneumatic manifolds are used in an embodiment with separate fluid manifolds and separate pump and valve engines. Here, the separate modular assemblies (each including a pneumatic manifold, pump and valve engine, and fluid manifold) may be located at different, convenient parts of the overall medical fluid or dialysis machine.

In a further alternative embodiment, a single modular assembly may include multiple fluid manifolds, multiple pump and valve engines and multiple pneumatic manifolds. For example, two fluid manifolds may be abutted against each other. Two pneumatic manifolds may then be located on the outsides of the modular assembly, sandwiching two pump and valve assemblies between the inner fluid manifolds and the outer pneumatic manifolds. In another implementation, two pneumatic manifolds may be abutted against each other. Two fluid manifolds may then be located on the outsides of the modular assembly, sandwiching two pump and valve assemblies between the inner pneumatic manifolds and the outer fluid manifolds.

The modular assemblies disclosed herein may be used to pump different fluids at once. Examples above have included dialysis fluid (fresh and used), water and liquid concentrate. In another example, the modular assemblies may alternatively or additionally pump blood. In one implementation, a blood set having both pump and valve engine and blood manifold structure is sealed to one side of a pneumatic manifold. That side of the manifold may be located at a front surface of the corresponding machine, so that a patient or user may removeably position the blood set against the front of the machine and into sealing engagement with the pneumatic manifold. The blood set may be held in place at the front of the machine via releaseable spring clamps.

The modular assemblies of the present disclosure may be clamped and held sealingly and releasably together via bolts, clamps or combinations thereof. The rigid portions of the pump and valve engines and the fluid manifolds may have metal insets, both to countersinkingly receive the heads of the bolts and to provide female threads for receiving the male threaded ends of the bolts to prevent cracking. The machined metal pneumatic manifold may have recesses for countersinking the heads of the bolts and/or female threads for receiving the male threaded ends of the bolts. Fluid and pneumatic passageways, pump chambers, valve chambers and other components of the pump and valve engine are located and routed so as not to intersect with the bolts. Exterior clamps may be clamps that travel with the assembly and/or clamps that use a portion of the chassis of the machine to provide a compressive, clamping force.

As discussed in detail below, the pump and valve engines in alternative embodiments are removed partially or fully from any of the implementations discussed herein.

In light of the disclosure herein and without limiting the disclosure in any way, in a first aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, a medical fluid management assembly includes: (i) a pneumatic manifold including a plurality of pneumatic passageways and a plurality of pneumatic connectors; (ii) a pump and valve engine including a plurality of valve chambers and at least one pump chamber, the pump and valve engine including a plurality of pneumatic connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the pneumatic connectors of the pneumatic manifold, the pump and valve engine further including a plurality of fluid connectors; and (iii) a fluid manifold including a plurality of fluid pathways and a plurality of fluid connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the fluid connectors of the pump and valve engine.

In a second aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the pneumatic manifold further includes at least one pneumatic source connector for connecting with at least one source of pneumatic pressure.

In a third aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the fluid manifold includes at least one inlet/outlet connector for connecting to fluid tubing.

In a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the plurality of pneumatic connectors of the pump and valve engine are ports that mate with the plurality of pneumatic connectors of the pneumatic manifold, which include recesses.

In a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the fourth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the pneumatic manifold provides o-ring seals that extend around or within the recesses to seal against the ports of the pump and valve engine.

In a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the plurality of fluid connectors of the pump and valve engine are ports that mate with the plurality of fluid connectors of the fluid manifold, which include recesses.

In a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the sixth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the fluid manifold provides o-ring seals that extend around or within the recesses to seal against the ports of the pump and valve engine.

In an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the pneumatic manifold includes a plurality of plates mated together, at least one of the plates defining grooves forming the pneumatic passageways.

In a ninth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the pump and valve engine includes first and second rigid plates at least partially separated by at least one flexible membrane.

In a tenth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the ninth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the first and second rigid plates are separated at areas defining pump and valve chambers by the at least one flexible membrane.

In an eleventh aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the tenth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the first and second rigid plates further define at least one of a balance chamber, a water accumulation chamber, a mixing chamber, a water dearation chamber or a dialysis fluid dearation chamber.

In a twelfth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the fluid manifold includes at least one rigid plate forming the plurality of fluid pathways.

In a thirteenth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the fluid manifold includes multiple rigid plates sealed together to form the plurality of fluid pathways.

In a fourteenth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the medical fluid management assembly includes a plurality of pneumatic manifolds each including a plurality of pneumatic connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the pneumatic connectors of the pump and valve engine.

In a fifteenth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the medical fluid management assembly includes a plurality of fluid manifolds each including a plurality of fluid connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the fluid connectors of the pump and valve engine.

In a sixteenth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the medical fluid management assembly includes a plurality of pump and valve engines each including a plurality of pneumatic connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the pneumatic connectors of the pneumatic manifold.

In a seventeenth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the medical fluid management assembly includes a plurality of pump and valve engines each including a plurality of fluid connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the fluid connectors of the fluid manifold.

In an eighteenth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the pneumatic manifold is a first pneumatic manifold and the pump and valve engine is a first pump and valve engine, and which includes a second pneumatic manifold including a plurality of pneumatic connectors and a second pump and valve engine including a plurality of fluid connectors and a plurality of pneumatic connectors mated to the pneumatic connectors of the second pneumatic manifold.

In a nineteenth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the eighteenth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the fluid connectors of the second pump and valve engine are mated to fluid connectors of the fluid manifold.

In a twentieth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the eighteenth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the fluid manifold is a first fluid manifold and which includes a second fluid manifold including a plurality of fluid connectors, and wherein the fluid connectors of the second pump and valve engine are mated to the fluid connectors of the second fluid manifold.

In a twenty-first aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the fluid manifold is a first fluid manifold and the pump and valve engine is a first pump and valve engine, and which includes a second fluid manifold including a plurality of fluid connectors and a second pump and valve engine including a plurality of pneumatic connectors and a plurality of fluid connectors mated to the fluid connectors of the second fluid manifold.

In a twenty-second aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the twenty-first aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the pneumatic connectors of the pump and valve engine are mated to pneumatic connectors of the pneumatic plate.

In a twenty-third aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the medical fluid management assembly includes at least one pneumatic valve attached to the pneumatic plate.

In a twenty-fourth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the medical fluid management assembly includes a fluid pumping cassette removeably attached to the pneumatic plate.

In a twenty-fifth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, a medical fluid machine includes: (i) a source of pneumatic pressure; (ii) a purified water line; (iii) a liquid concentrate line; (iv) a to-extracorporeal circuit fresh dialysis fluid line; (v) a from-extracorporeal circuit used dialysis fluid line; (vi) a drain line; and (vii) a medical fluid management assembly including (a) a pneumatic manifold in pneumatic communication with the source of pneumatic pressure, the pneumatic manifold including a plurality of pneumatic passageways and a plurality of pneumatic connectors, (b) a pump and valve engine including a plurality of valve chambers and at least one pump chamber, the pump and valve engine including a plurality of pneumatic connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the pneumatic connectors of the pneumatic manifold, the pump and valve engine further including a plurality of fluid connectors, and (c) a fluid manifold including a plurality of fluid pathways and a plurality of fluid connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the fluid connectors of the pump and valve engine, the fluid manifold in fluid communication with at least one of the purified water line, the liquid concentrate line, the to-extracorporeal circuit fresh dialysis fluid line, the from-extracorporeal circuit used dialysis fluid line, or the drain line.

In a twenty-sixth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the twenty-fifth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the from-extracorporeal circuit used dialysis fluid line is a from-dialyzer line and, optionally, the to-extracorporeal circuit fresh dialysis fluid line is a to-dialyzer line.

In a twenty-seventh aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the twenty-fifth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the fluid manifold is in fluid communication with each of the purified water line, the liquid concentrate line, the to-extracorporeal circuit fresh dialysis fluid line, the from-extracorporeal circuit used dialysis fluid line, and the drain line.

In a twenty-eighth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the twenty-fifth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the medical fluid machine includes a plurality of fluid manifolds, and wherein each of the purified water line, the liquid concentrate line, the to-extracorporeal circuit fresh dialysis fluid line, the from-extracorporeal circuit used dialysis fluid line, and the drain line are in fluid communication with one of the plurality of fluid manifolds.

In a twenty-ninth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the twenty-eighth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the fluid connectors of each of the fluid manifolds are mated with the fluid connectors of the pump and valve engine.

In a thirtieth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the twenty-eighth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the medical fluid machine includes a plurality of pump and valve engines each having a plurality of pneumatic connectors and a plurality of fluid connectors, and wherein the fluid connectors of each of the fluid manifolds are mated with the fluid connectors of one of the pump and valve engines.

In a thirty-first aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the thirtieth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the pneumatic connectors of each of the pump and valve engines are mated with the pneumatic connectors of the pneumatic manifold.

In a thirty-second aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the thirtieth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the medical fluid machine includes a plurality of pneumatic manifolds each having a plurality of pneumatic connectors, and wherein the pneumatic connectors of each of the pump and valve engines is mated with the pneumatic connectors of one of the pneumatic manifolds.

In a thirty-third aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, a medical fluid machine includes: (i) a first medical fluid management assembly located at a first portion of the machine, the first medical fluid management assembly including (a) a first pneumatic manifold including a plurality of pneumatic passageways and a plurality of pneumatic connectors, (b) a first pump and valve engine including a plurality of valve chambers and at least one pump chamber, the first pump and valve engine including a plurality of pneumatic connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the pneumatic connectors of the first pneumatic manifold, the first pump and valve engine further including a plurality of fluid connectors, and (c) a first fluid manifold including a plurality of fluid pathways and a plurality of fluid connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the fluid connectors of the first pump and valve engine; and (ii) a second medical fluid management assembly located at a second portion of the machine, the second medical fluid management assembly including (a) a second pneumatic manifold including a plurality of pneumatic passageways and a plurality of pneumatic connectors, (b) a second pump and valve engine including a plurality of valve chambers and at least one pump chamber, the second pump and valve engine including a plurality of pneumatic connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the pneumatic connectors of the second pneumatic manifold, the second pump and valve engine further including a plurality of fluid connectors, and (c) a second fluid manifold including a plurality of fluid pathways and a plurality of fluid connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the fluid connectors of the second pump and valve engine.

In a thirty-fourth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, a medical fluid management assembly includes: (i) a pneumatic manifold including a plurality of plates sealed together to form a plurality of pneumatic passageways, a pneumatic valve chamber and a pneumatic pump chamber formed by at least one of the plates, the pneumatic valve chamber in pneumatic communication with at least one of the pneumatic passageways, and the pneumatic pump chamber in pneumatic communication with at least one of the pneumatic passageways; and (ii) a fluid manifold including a plurality of fluid pathways, a fluid valve chamber and a fluid pump chamber formed by the fluid manifold, the fluid valve chamber in selective fluid communication with the fluid pump chamber and at least one of the fluid pathways, wherein (a) the pneumatic valve chamber and the fluid valve chamber are mated together to compress at least one flexible valve chamber membrane or a valve chamber area of at least one common flexible membrane and (b) the pneumatic pump chamber and the fluid pump chamber are mated together to compress at least one flexible pump membrane or a pump chamber area of the at least one common flexible membrane, (iii) wherein at least one of (a) the pneumatic valve chamber extends from the at least one plate, (b) the pneumatic pump chamber extends from the at least one plate, (c) the fluid valve chamber extends from the manifold, or (d) the fluid pump chamber extends from the fluid manifold so as to aid in compressing their respective at least one flexible membrane or at least one flexible membrane area.

In a thirty-fifth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the thirty-fourth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, wherein the plurality of pneumatic passageways are formed in at least one of the plates and are sealed via a gasket compressed between the plates.

In a thirty-sixth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the thirty-fourth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the fluid manifold includes a plurality of fluid plates, at least one of the fluid plates forming the plurality of fluid pathways, and wherein the fluid plates are sealed together to seal the fluid pathways.

In a thirty-seventh aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the thirty-fourth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the medical fluid management assembly includes at least one electrically actuated pneumatic solenoid valve fixed to the pneumatic manifold and in selective pneumatic communication with at least one of the pneumatic passageways.

In a thirty-eighth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the thirty-fourth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the medical fluid management assembly includes at least one conductivity sensor having a conductive insert held by the fluid manifold, the insert positioned along one of the fluid pathways, the conductivity sensor further having a conductive conductivity probe held by the pneumatic manifold, the conductivity probe mated with the conductive insert.

In a thirty-ninth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the thirty-fourth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the pneumatic valve chamber and the fluid valve chamber are a first pneumatic valve chamber and fluid valve chamber, and which includes a second pneumatic valve chamber and a second fluid valve chamber, the second fluid valve chamber in selective fluid communication with a first balancing chamber, the first balancing chamber separated from a second balancing chamber by at least one balancing chamber membrane or a balancing chamber area of the at least one common flexible membrane.

In a fortieth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the thirty-ninth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the first fluid valve chamber is in selective fluid communication with the second fluid valve chamber.

In a forty-first aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the thirty-ninth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the first and second balancing chambers are provided as part of the fluid manifold.

In a forty-second aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the thirty-fourth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the medical fluid management assembly includes a water accumulation chamber having at least one water accumulation chamber membrane or a water accumulation chamber area of the at least one common flexible membrane for expanding when more water fills the water accumulation chamber and contracting when less water fills the water accumulation chamber.

In a forty-third aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the forty-second aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the water accumulation chamber is in selective fluid communication with the fluid valve chamber.

In a forty-fourth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the forty-second aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the water accumulation chamber is provided as part of the fluid manifold.

In a forty-fifth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the thirty-fourth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the medical fluid management assembly includes a mixing chamber having plural fluid inlets and a fluid outlet.

In a forty-sixth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the forty-fifth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the mixing chamber is in selective fluid communication with the fluid valve chamber.

In a forty-seventh aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the forty-fifth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the mixing chamber is provided as part of the fluid manifold.

In a forty-eighth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the thirty-fourth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, one of: (i) the pneumatic manifold is a first pneumatic manifold, and which includes a second pneumatic manifold operating with the fluid manifold or (ii) the fluid manifold is a first fluid manifold, and which includes a second fluid manifold operating with the pneumatic manifold.

In a forty-ninth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the thirty-fourth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the fluid manifold includes a purification filter in selective fluid communication with the fluid pump chamber.

In a fiftieth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, a medical fluid management assembly includes: (i) a pneumatic manifold including a plurality of plates sealed together to form a plurality of pneumatic passageways, a first pneumatic valve chamber, a second pneumatic valve chamber, and a pneumatic pump chamber formed by at least one of the plates, the first pneumatic valve chamber in pneumatic communication with at least one of the pneumatic passageways, the second pneumatic valve chamber in pneumatic communication with at least one of the pneumatic passageways, and the pneumatic pump chamber in pneumatic communication with at least one of the pneumatic passageways; and (ii) a fluid manifold including a plurality of fluid pathways, a first fluid valve chamber, a second fluid valve chamber, a fluid pump chamber, a first balancing chamber and a second balancing chamber formed by the fluid manifold, the first fluid valve chamber in selective fluid communication with the fluid pump chamber and at least one of the fluid pathways, the second fluid valve chamber in selective fluid communication with the first balancing chamber and at least one of the fluid pathways, wherein (a) the first pneumatic valve chamber and the first fluid valve chamber are mated together to compress at least one first flexible valve chamber membrane or a first valve chamber area of at least one common flexible membrane, (b) the second pneumatic valve chamber and the second fluid valve chamber are mated together to compress at least one second flexible valve chamber membrane or a second valve chamber area of the at least one common flexible membrane, (c) the pneumatic pump chamber and the fluid pump chamber are mated together to compress at least one flexible pump membrane or a pump chamber area of the at least one common flexible membrane, and (d) the first balancing chamber and the second balancing chamber are mated together to compress at least one balancing chamber membrane or a balancing chamber area of the at least one common flexible membrane.

In a fifty-first aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the fiftieth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the medical fluid management assembly includes a third pneumatic valve chamber and a third fluid valve chamber mated together to compress at least one third flexible valve chamber membrane or a third valve chamber area of the at least one common flexible membrane, the third fluid valve chamber in selective fluid communication with the second balancing chamber.

In a fifty-second aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the fifty-first aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the first fluid valve chamber is in selective fluid communication with (i) the second fluid valve chamber and (ii) the third fluid valve chamber.

In a fifty-third aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the fifty-first aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the medical fluid management assembly includes (i) a fourth pneumatic valve chamber and a fourth fluid valve chamber mated together to compress at least one fourth flexible valve chamber membrane or a fourth valve chamber area of the at least one common flexible membrane, the fourth fluid valve chamber in selective fluid communication with the first balancing chamber and (ii) a fifth pneumatic valve chamber and a fifth fluid valve chamber mated together to compress at least one fifth flexible valve chamber membrane or a fifth valve chamber area of the at least one common flexible membrane, the fifth fluid valve chamber in selective fluid communication with the second balancing chamber.

In a fifty-fourth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, a medical fluid system includes: (i) a first medical fluid management assembly including (a) a first pneumatic manifold having a plurality of plates sealed together to form a plurality of pneumatic passageways, a pneumatic valve chamber and a pneumatic pump chamber formed by at least one of the plates, the pneumatic valve chamber in pneumatic communication with at least one of the pneumatic passageways, and the pneumatic pump chamber in pneumatic communication with at least one of the pneumatic passageways, and (b) a first fluid manifold having a plurality of fluid pathways, a fluid valve chamber and a fluid pump chamber formed by the fluid manifold, the fluid valve chamber in selective fluid communication with the fluid pump chamber and at least one of the fluid pathways, wherein (c) the pneumatic valve chamber and the fluid valve chamber are mated together to compress at least one flexible valve chamber membrane or a valve chamber area of at least one common flexible membrane and (d) the pneumatic pump chamber and the fluid pump chamber are mated together to compress at least one flexible pump membrane or a pump chamber area of the at least one common flexible membrane; and (ii) a second medical fluid management assembly including (a) a second pneumatic manifold having a plurality of plates sealed together to form a plurality of pneumatic passageways, a pneumatic valve chamber and a pneumatic pump chamber formed by at least one of the plates, the pneumatic valve chamber in pneumatic communication with at least one of the pneumatic passageways, and the pneumatic pump chamber in pneumatic communication with at least one of the pneumatic passageways, and (b) a second fluid manifold having a plurality of fluid pathways, a fluid valve chamber and a fluid pump chamber formed by the fluid manifold, the fluid valve chamber in selective fluid communication with the fluid pump chamber and at least one of the fluid pathways, wherein (c) the pneumatic valve chamber and the fluid valve chamber are mated together to compress at least one flexible valve chamber membrane or a valve chamber area of at least one common flexible membrane and (d) the pneumatic pump chamber and the fluid pump chamber are mated together to compress at least one flexible pump membrane or a pump chamber area of the at least one common flexible membrane.

In a fifty-fifth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the fifty-fourth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the first fluid manifold is a purified water manifold positioned and arranged to carry purified water and the second fluid manifold is a dialysis fluid manifold positioned and arranged to carry dialysis fluid.

In a fifty-sixth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the fifty-fifth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the purified water manifold is positioned adjacent to a concentrate source, while the dialysis fluid manifold is positioned adjacent to a dialysis fluid heater.

In a fifty-seventh aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the fifty-fourth aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the first fluid manifold is a dialysis fluid manifold positioned and arranged to carry dialysis fluid and the second fluid manifold is a blood manifold positioned and arranged to carry blood.

In a fifty-eighth aspect of the present disclosure, which may be combined with the fifty-seventh aspect in combination with any other aspect listed herein unless specified otherwise, the blood manifold is positioned adjacent to a dialyzer.

In a fifty-ninth aspect of the present disclosure, any of the structure and functionality disclosed in connection with FIGS. 1 to 19B may be combined with any of the other structure and functionality disclosed in connection with FIGS. 1 to 19B.

In light of the present disclosure and the above aspects, it is therefore an advantage of the present disclosure to provide an improved medical fluid management assembly, machine and method.

It is another advantage of the present disclosure to provide a medical fluid management assembly that is modular and scalable.

It is a further advantage of the present disclosure to provide a medical fluid management assembly that has a reduced number of components.

It is still another advantage of the present disclosure to provide a medical fluid management assembly that is relatively easy to use, maintain, assemble and test.

It is still a further advantage of the present disclosure to provide a medical fluid management assembly that is robust and may stand alone without need for the machine chassis.

It is yet another advantage of the present disclosure to provide a medical fluid management assembly that is flexible in terms of pneumatic and fluidic routing.

The advantages discussed herein may be found in one, or some, and perhaps not all of the embodiments disclosed herein. Additional features and advantages are described herein, and will be apparent from, the following Detailed Description and the figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a renal failure therapy employing any of the modular fluid management systems and methods of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one embodiment for a blood set of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a side sectioned view of a pneumatically actuated water, dialysis fluid, liquid concentrate, blood or other medical fluid pump for one embodiment of a medical fluid management assembly of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a side sectioned view of a pneumatically actuated water, dialysis fluid, liquid concentrate, blood or other medical fluid pump for another embodiment of a medical fluid management assembly of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a side sectioned view of a pneumatically actuated water, dialysis fluid, liquid concentrate, blood or other medical fluid pump for a further embodiment of a medical fluid management assembly of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a side sectioned view of one embodiment for a balance chamber for any of the medical fluid management assemblies of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a side sectioned view of another embodiment for a balance chamber for any of the medical fluid management assemblies of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a side sectioned view of one embodiment for a water accumulator for any of the medical fluid management assemblies of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a side sectioned view of one embodiment for a mixing chamber for any of the medical fluid management assemblies of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a side sectioned view of one embodiment for a conductivity probe integrated with an example medical fluid management assembly of the present disclosure, and of one embodiment for holding together the various components fluid management assemblies.

FIG. 11 is a side sectioned view of one embodiment for integrating an electrically actuated pneumatic valve with an example medical fluid management assembly of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a schematic view of one embodiment for assimilating the structures of FIGS. 3 to 11 to form any of the medical fluid management assemblies of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a schematic elevation view of the medical fluid management assembly of FIG. 3 .

FIG. 14 is a schematic elevation view of another embodiment for a medical fluid management assembly of the present disclosure operating in a renal failure therapy system.

FIG. 15 is a schematic elevation view of the medical fluid management assembly of FIG. 14 performing an alternative direct blood or medical fluid treatment.

FIG. 16 is a schematic elevation view of a further embodiment for a medical fluid management assembly of the present disclosure operating in a renal failure therapy system.

FIG. 17 is a schematic elevation view of a yet another embodiment for a medical fluid management assembly of the present disclosure, illustrating system modularity.

FIGS. 18A to 18C are schematic elevation views of a further embodiment for a medical fluid management assembly of the present disclosure, further illustrating system modularity.

FIGS. 19A and 19B are schematic elevation and top/bottom views, respectively, illustrating alternative fastening structure used with the example medical fluid management assembly of FIGS. 14 and 15 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION System Hardware

The examples described herein are applicable to any medical fluid therapy system that delivers a medical fluid, such as blood, dialysis fluid, substitution fluid, purified or sterilized water, liquid concentrate, or an intravenous drug. The examples are particularly well suited for kidney failure therapies, such as all forms of peritoneal dialysis (“PD”), hemodialysis (“HD”), hemofiltration (“HF”), hemodiafiltration (“HDF”) and continuous renal replacement therapies (“CRRT”), referred to herein collectively or generally individually as renal failure therapy. Moreover, the machines and any of the modular fluid management systems and methods described herein may be used in clinical or home settings. For example, the machine and the modular fluid management systems and methods may be employed in an in-center HD machine, which runs virtually continuously throughout the day. Alternatively, they may be used in a home HD machine, which can for example be run at night while the patient is sleeping. Moreover, each of the renal failure therapy examples described herein may include a diffusion membrane or filter, such as a dialyzer, e.g., for HD or HDF, or a hemofilter, e.g., for HF.

Referring now to FIG. 1 , one embodiment for a renal failure therapy system 10 employing any of the modular fluid management assemblies and methods described herein is illustrated using an HD machine 90. Generally, system 10 is shown having a simplified version of the dialysis fluid or process fluid delivery circuit. The blood circuit is also simplified. It should be appreciated that the circuits have been simplified to make the description of the present disclosure easier, and that the systems if implemented would have additional structure and functionality, such as is found in the publication incorporated by reference above.

System 10 of FIG. 1 includes a blood circuit 20. Blood circuit 20 pulls blood from and returns blood to a patient 12. Blood is pulled from patient 12 via an arterial line 14, and is returned to the patient via a venous line 16. Arterial line 14 includes an arterial line connector 14 a that connects to an arterial needle 14 b, which is in blood draw flow communication with patient 12. Venous line 16 includes a venous line connector 16 a that connects to a venous needle 16 b, which is in blood return flow communication with the patient. Arterial and venous lines 14 and 16 also include line clamps 18 a and 18 v, which can be spring-loaded, fail-safe mechanical pinch clamps. Line clamps 18 a and 18 v are closed automatically in an emergency situation in one embodiment.

Arterial and venous lines 14 and 16 also include air or bubble detectors 22 a and 22 v, respectively, which can be ultrasonic air detectors. Air or bubble detectors 20 a and 20 v look for air in the arterial and venous lines 14 and 16, respectively. If air is detected by one of air detectors 22 a and 22 v, system 10 closes line clamps 18 a and 18 v, pauses the blood and dialysis fluid pumps, and provides instructions to the patient to clear the air so that treatment can resume.

A blood pump 30 is located in arterial line 14 in the illustrated embodiment. In the illustrated embodiment, blood pump 30 includes a first blood pump chamber 30 a and a second blood pump chamber 30 b. Blood pump chamber 30 a operates with an inlet valve 32 i and an outlet valve 32 o. Blood pump chamber 30 b operates with an inlet valve 34 i and an outlet valve 34 o. In an embodiment, blood pump chambers 30 a and 30 b are each blood receptacles that include a hard outer shell, e.g., spherical, with a flexible diaphragm located within the shell, forming a diaphragm pump. One side of each diaphragm receives blood, while the other side of each diaphragm is operated by negative and positive air pressure (or is vented to atmosphere). Blood pump 30 is alternatively a peristaltic pump operating with the arterial line 14 tube.

A heparin vial 24 and heparin pump 26 are located between blood pump 30 and blood filter 40 (e.g., dialyzer) in the illustrated embodiment. Heparin pump 26 can be a pneumatic pump or a syringe pump (e.g., stepper motor driven syringe pump). Supplying heparin upstream of blood filter 40 helps to prevent clotting of the blood filter membranes.

A control unit 50 includes one or more processor and memory. Control unit 50 receives air detection signals from air detectors 22 a and 22 v (and other sensors of system 10, such as temperature sensors, blood leak detectors, conductivity sensors, pressure sensors, and access disconnection transducers 92), and controls components such as line clamps 18 a and 18 v, blood pump 30, heparin pump 26, and the dialysis fluid pumps.

Blood exiting blood filter 40 via venous line 16 flows through an airtrap 28. Airtrap 28 removes air from the blood before the dialyzed blood is returned to patient 12 via venous line 16 as discussed in detail below.

With the hemodialysis version of system 10 of FIG. 1 , dialysis fluid is pumped along the outside of the membranes of blood filter 40, while blood is pumped through the insides of the blood filter membranes. Fresh dialysis fluid is prepared beginning with the purification of water via a water purification unit 60. One suitable water purification unit is set forth in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0197971, entitled, “Water Purification System and Method”, filed Apr. 25, 2011, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference and relied upon. In one embodiment, water purification unit includes filters and other structure to purify tap water (e.g., remove pathogens and ions such as chlorine) so that the water is in one implementation below 0.03 endotoxin units/ml (“EU/ml”) and below 0.1 colony forming units/ml (“CFU/ml”). Water purification unit 60 can be provided in a housing separate from the housing of the hemodialysis machine, which includes blood circuit 20 and a dialysis fluid circuit 70.

In the illustrated embodiment, dialysis fluid circuit 70 includes a water accumulation chamber 42. Purified water from purification unit 60 is stored in a water accumulation chamber 42. Water accumulation chamber 42 provides a surplus of water for water pump 44 when demand for purified water increases for whatever reason.

In one embodiment, purified water from water purification unit 60 is pumped along water line 62 though water accumulation chamber 42 and bicarbonate cartridge 72. Acid from container 74 is pumped along an acid line into a mixing chamber 52 with bicarbonated water flowing from bicarbonate cartridge 72 to form an electrolytically and physiologically compatible dialysis fluid solution. The pumps and temperature-compensated conductivity sensors used to properly mix the purified water with the bicarbonate and acid are discussed next.

Dialysis fluid circuit 70 provides a to-blood filter or fresh dialysis fluid pump 64. Fresh dialysis fluid pump 64 is in one embodiment configured the same a blood pump 30. Fresh dialysis fluid pump 64, like pump 30, includes a pair of pump chambers (shown as one pump chamber 66, which again may be spherically configured), each operating with inlet and outlet valve chambers 68 i and 68 o, respectively. Pump chambers 66, like with blood pump 30, are operated alternatingly so that one pump chamber 66 is filling with HD dialysis fluid, while the other pump chamber 66 is expelling HD dialysis fluid.

Pump 64 is a to-blood filter dialysis fluid pump. In one embodiment, a second dual chamber pump 94, like pump 64, is located in or in front of drain line 82 to push used dialysis fluid to drain. Used dialysis fluid pump 94 includes dual chambers 96 (only one illustrated) operating with inlet and outlet valve chambers 98 i and 98 o, respectively.

A third chamber pump 44 is provided for pumping pump purified water from water accumulation chamber 42 and through a bicarbonate cartridge 72. Purified water pump 44 may also include two pump chambers 46 (only one illustrated) each operating with inlet and outlet valve chambers 48 i and 48 o, respectively.

A fourth chamber pump 54 is provided to pump acid from acid container 74 into an acid line. Acid pump 54 may include a pump chamber 56 operating with inlet and outlet valve chambers 58 i and 58 o, respectively. Acid pump 54 may have only a single pump chamber 56 because continuous pumping is not as important in the acid line due at least in part to a buffering dialysis fluid tank 53 provided between a mixing chamber 52 and to-blood filter dialysis fluid pump 64 in one embodiment.

A fifth pod pump 104 provided in drain line 82 is used to remove a known amount of ultrafiltration (“UF”) when the HD therapy is provided. UF pump 104 includes a pump chamber 106 operating with inlet and outlet valve chambers 108 i and 108 o, respectively. System 10 controls and tracks UF pump 104 to control and know how much ultrafiltrate has been removed from the patient. System 10 ensures that the necessary amount of ultrafiltrate is removed from the patient by the end of treatment.

Any on or more of the above-described pumps may alternatively be a peristaltic pump operating with a tube.

FIG. 1 also illustrates that dialysis fluid is pumped along a fresh dialysis fluid line 76, through a heater 78 and an ultrafilter 80, before reaching blood filter 40, after which the used dialysis fluid is pumped to drain via drain line 82. Heater 78 heats the dialysis fluid to body temperature or about 37° C. Ultrafilter 80 further cleans and purifies the dialysis fluid before reaching blood filter 40, filtering bugs or contaminants introduced for example via bicarbonate cartridge 72 or acid container 74 from the dialysis fluid.

Dialysis fluid circuit 70 also includes a sample port 84 in the illustrated embodiment. Dialysis fluid circuit 70 may further include a blood leak detector (not illustrated but used to detect if a blood filter 40 fiber is torn).

In the illustrated embodiment, fluid balancing to an from dialyzer 40 is performed via balance chambers 86 a and 86 b and corresponding valves 88. The valves are sequenced such that used dialysis fluid fills one of the balance chambers 86 a and 86 b, pushing a like amount of fresh dialysis fluid to dialyzer 40, while fresh dialysis fluid fills the other of the balance chambers 86 a and 86 b, pushing a like amount of used dialysis fluid to drain line 82. The roles of the two balance chambers 86 a and 86 b are then reversed to maintain a relatively constant flow of fresh fluid to dialyzer 40 and used fluid to drain line 82. Balance chambers 86 a and 86 b ensure to a large extent that the amount of fresh fluid to dialyzer 40 and the amount of used fluid to drain line 82 are equal. UF pump 104 is placed in a parallel drain line (not illustrated) leading from dialyzer 40. It uses a smaller, more accurate pump chamber in one embodiment to meter precise amounts of UF from patient 12.

In the illustrated embodiment, hemodialysis system 10 is an online, pass-through system that pumps dialysis fluid through blood filter one time and then pumps the used dialysis fluid to drain. Both blood circuit 20 and dialysis fluid circuit 70 may be hot water disinfected after each treatment, such that blood circuit 20 and dialysis fluid circuit 70 may be reused. In one implementation, blood circuit 20 including blood filter 40 is hot water disinfected and reused daily for about one month, while dialysis fluid circuit 70 is hot water disinfected and reused for about six months. To perform the disinfection and other procedures, such as priming, arterial line 14 and venous line 16 are both connected in one embodiment to a drain cassette 102 located in drain line 82. When arterial line 14 and venous line 16 are plugged into drain cassette 102, water for disinfection, and dialysis fluid for priming, may be circulated throughout blood circuit 20 and dialysis fluid circuit 70 on both sides of dialyzer 40 for complete disinfection or priming.

In alternative embodiments, or for CRRT for example, multiple bags of sterilized dialysis fluid or infusate are ganged together and used one after another. In such a case, the emptied supply bags can serve as drain or spent fluid bags. In other alternative embodiments, substitution fluid from the balance chambers 86 a and 86 b may flow directly to arterial line 14 and/or venous line 16 of extracorporeal circuit 20 instead of to dialyzer 40.

A machine 90 of system 10 includes an enclosure as indicated by the dotted line of FIG. 1 . The enclosure of machine 90 varies depending upon the type of treatment, whether the treatment is in-center or a home treatment, and whether the dialysis fluid/infusate supply is a batch-type (e.g., bagged) or on-line. Although not illustrated in FIG. 1 , the front of the enclosure of machine 90 may have structures configured to releasably clamp airtrap 28.

FIG. 2 further illustrates that machine 90 of system 10 of FIG. 1 may operate with a blood set 100. Blood set 100 includes arterial line 14, venous line 16, heparin vial 24 and heparin pump 26/blood pump 30, blood filter 40 (e.g., dialyzer), and airtrap 28. Airtrap 28 may be located in venous line 16 to remove air from the blood before being returned to patient 12. Alternatively or additionally, one or more airtrap 28 may be located in water line 62, fresh dialysis fluid line 76, and/or anywhere in dialysis fluid circuit 70, to improve mixing accuracy and/or to remove air from fresh dialysis fluid line before reaching filter or dialyzer 40. In an embodiment, to a large extent, dialysis fluid circuit components 70 may be located inside machine 90, while blood set 100 may be mounted to the outside of the machine

Reviewing FIG. 1 again, the primary purified water components for machine 90 of system 10 include water accumulation chamber 42 and water pump 44. The primary mixing components for machine 90 of system 10 include bicarbonate cartridge 72, mixing chamber 52 (note that acid container 74 is not held by machine 90 but could be in an alternative embodiment). The primary dialysis fluid components for machine 90 of system 10 include dialysis fluid holding tank 53, fresh dialysis fluid pump 64, heater 78, ultrafilter 80, balance chambers 86 a and 86 b and used dialysis fluid pump 94. The primary blood transfer components of blood set 100 include dialyzer 40, airtrap 28, and blood pump/heparin pump 30/26.

It is contemplated in one embodiment to provide a single medical fluid management assembly housing all of the purified water components, mixing components and dialysis fluid components, and to operate blood set 100 separately as it is illustrated in FIG. 2 . In an alternative embodiment, a single medical fluid management assembly is provided for all of the purified water components, mixing components, dialysis fluid components, and for operating blood set 100. In another alternative embodiment, a first medical fluid management assembly is provided for the purified water components and mixing components, and a second medical fluid management assembly is provided for the dialysis fluid components, while blood set 100 is operated separately as it is illustrated in FIG. 2 . In a further alternative embodiment, a first medical fluid management assembly is provided for the purified water components and mixing components, and a second medical fluid management assembly is provided for the dialysis fluid components, while blood set 100 is operated with one of the first or second medical fluid management assemblies. In still another alternative embodiment, a first medical fluid management assembly is provided for the purified water components, a second medical fluid management assembly is provided for the mixing components, and a third medical fluid management assembly is provided for the dialysis fluid components, while blood set 100 is operated separately as it is illustrated in FIG. 2 . In yet a further alternative embodiment, a first medical fluid management assembly is provided for the purified water components, a second medical fluid management assembly is provided for the mixing components, and a third medical fluid management assembly is provided for the dialysis fluid components, but blood set 100 is operated with one of the first, second or third medical fluid management assemblies. In any of the embodiments described above where a separate medical fluid management assembly is provided for the dialysis fluid components, that medical fluid management assembly may still further alternatively be split into separate fresh dialysis fluid and used fluid assemblies.

In an embodiment, each of the pumps is a pneumatically actuated pump that operates with a inlet valve and an outlet valve. In particular, purified water pump 44 operates with inlet and outlet valve chambers 48 i and 48 o, Acid pump 54 operates with inlet and outlet valve chambers 58 i and 58 o. Fresh dialysis fluid pump 64, operates with inlet and outlet valve chambers 68 i and 68 o. Used dialysis fluid pump 94 operates with inlet and outlet valve chambers 98 i and 98 o. Blood pump 30 operates with inlet and outlet valve chambers 32 i/34 i, 32 o, 34 o. The UF pump is not illustrated may operates the same way in one embodiment.

Each of the above pumps may have the same sized pump chamber 46, 56, 66, 96, 106, and 30 a, 30 b, respectively. Alternatively, any of the pump chambers 46, 56, 66, 96, 106, and 30 a, 30 b may be sized differently. For example, the pump chambers for the liquid acid pump 44 and the UF pump 104 may be smaller than the others. Regardless, each of the pumps 44, 54, 64, 94, 30 and 104 pump may be provided as found in any of FIGS. 3 to 5 . That is, each of pumps 44, 54, 64, 94, 30 and 104 may have any of the structure, function and any of the alternatives discussed in connection with any of FIGS. 3 to 5 . For each pump, the inlet valve is opened, the outlet valve is closed, while negative pressure is applied to the pump membrane to draw fluid into the pump. The inlet valve is closed, the outlet valve is opened, while positive pressure is applied to the pump membrane to expel fluid from the pump.

Any of water line 62, concentrate lines, dialysis fluid line 76, used dialysis fluid or drain line 82, arterial blood line 14 and/or venous blood line may include pneumatic valves provided in addition to the inlet and outlet valves associated with pumps 44, 54, 64, 94, 30 and 104. For example, balance chambers 86 a and 86 b include corresponding valves 88. Any of those additional valves may have any of the structure, function and any of the alternatives discussed in connection with the pneumatically actuated valves of FIGS. 3 to 5 .

Other primary components for machine 90 of system 10 are not pneumatically actuated including, water accumulation chamber 42, bicarbonate cartridge 72, mixing chamber 52, dialysis fluid holding tank 53, heater 78, ultrafilter 80, balance chambers 86 a and 86 b, dialyzer 40, and airtrap 28. Of those components, it is contemplated that bicarbonate cartridge 72, dialysis fluid holding tank 53 and heater are provided with machine 90 but outside of, but in fluid communication with, the one or more medical fluid management assembly of system 10. Ultrafilter 80 may or may not be provided with the one or more medical fluid management assembly as discussed in more detail below.

Referring now to FIG. 3 , a cross-sectional view of a pump portion 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104 of one embodiment of a medical fluid management assembly 110 a of the present disclosure is illustrated. Medical fluid management assembly 110 a in the illustrated embodiment includes three primary components, namely, a pneumatic manifold 120 a, a pump and valve engine 160 a, and a fluid manifold 200 a.

Pneumatic manifold 120 a in an embodiment includes metal plates or pieces 122 a, 124 a, 126 a, 128 a, and 130 a, which may be machined aluminum, steel, stainless steel and combinations thereof. Plates or pieces 122 a, 124 a, 126 a, 128 a, and 130 a may alternatively be made of a plastic material, such as molded plastic. Where abutted, plates or pieces 122 a, 124 a, 126 a, 128 a, and 130 a may be bolted removeably together using bolts and nuts and/or female mating threads.

Plates or pieces 122 a and 124 a collectively define a pneumatic pumping groove 132 a for carrying positive and negative pressure (or vent to atmosphere) selectively to a pneumatic pump chamber of pumps 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104. Plate 128 a defines a pneumatic inlet valve groove 134 a for carrying positive and negative pressure (or vent to atmosphere) selectively to an inlet pneumatic valve chamber of pumps 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104. Piece 126 a defines a pneumatic outlet valve groove 136 a for carrying positive and negative pressure (or vent to atmosphere) selectively to an outlet pneumatic valve chamber of pumps 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104.

Plate 128 a defines an inlet valve o-ring seat 138 a for sealingly holding an inlet valve o-ring 144. Piece 126 a defines an outlet valve o-ring seat 139 a for sealingly holding an outlet valve o-ring 144. Piece 122 a defines a pump chamber o-ring seat 142 a for sealingly holding a pump chamber o-ring 144.

A gasket 146 a is compressed between piece 122 a and plate 128 a to seal pneumatic grooves or passageways formed in piece 122 a and/or plate 128 a, e.g., groove or passageway 134 a. A gasket 148 a is compressed between piece 122 a and plate 120 a to seal pneumatic grooves or passageways formed in piece 122 a and/or plate 120 a, e.g., groove or passageway 132 a. A gasket 150 a is compressed between piece 124 a and piece 126 a to seal pneumatic grooves or passageways formed in piece 124 a and/or piece 126 a, e.g., grooves or passageways 132 a and 136 a. Gaskets 146 a, 148 a and 150 a may be compressible silicone for example. Gaskets 146 a, 148 a and 150 a may be individual gaskets or be made provided as part of a common flexible sheet or membrane forming other gaskets or gasketed areas.

Pneumatic grooves or passageways lead to electrically actuated pneumatic solenoid valves (not illustrated), which may be spring closed when non-energized and opened when energized. The electrically actuated pneumatic solenoid valves selectively allow, under electrical control by control unit 50 (FIG. 1 ), positive on/off pressure, negative on/off pressure, positive variable pressure, and/or positive variable pressure (or vent to atmosphere) to reach a pneumatic inlet valve chamber, a pneumatic outlet valve chamber or a pneumatic pump chamber. The electrically actuated pneumatic solenoid valves may be mounted to pneumatic manifold 120 a.

Pump and valve engine 160 a for pump portion 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104 of one embodiment of a medical fluid management assembly 110 a includes pneumatic caps 162 a, 164 a and 166 a and a fluid piece 180 a. Caps 162 a, 164 a, 166 a and piece 180 a may each be made of a rigid, medically safe plastic, such as, polyethylene (“PE”), polypropylene (“PP”), polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polysulfone, polystyrene, polycarbonate (“PC”), acrylic, cyclo-olefin copolymers (“COCs”), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (“ABS”), polyolefin and the like. In general, metal cross-sections are shown herein as having a uniform hatch, while plastic cross-sections are shown herein as having a thin/thick line hatch. Materials contacting blood or dialysis are biocompatible and disinfected or sterilized as needed.

Pneumatic caps 162 a, 164 a and 166 a form a pneumatic inlet valve chamber, a pneumatic outlet valve chamber and a pneumatic pump chamber, respectively, for pump portion 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104 of one embodiment of a medical fluid management assembly 110 a. Pneumatic caps 162 a, 164 a and 166 a each define a pneumatic port as illustrated that fits sealingly within a respective o-ring 144 and abuts against a mating groove or passageway, e.g., groove 134 a, groove 136 a and groove 132 a, to provide an airtight connection between pump and valve engine 160 a and pneumatic manifold 120 a.

Fluid piece 180 a in the illustrated embodiment provides mating fluid chambers 182 a, 184 a and 186 a. Fluid inlet valve chamber 182 a mates with pneumatic inlet valve cap 162 a. Fluid outlet valve chamber 184 a mates with pneumatic outlet valve cap 164 a. Fluid pump chamber 186 a mates with pneumatic pump cap 166 a. Fluid inlet valve chamber 182 a, fluid outlet valve chamber 184 a and fluid pump chamber 186 a each define a fluid port as illustrated that fits sealingly within a respective o-ring 144 and abuts against a mating fluid pathway of fluid manifold 200 a to provide an fluid-tight connection between pump and valve engine 160 a and fluid manifold 200 a.

Fluid piece 180 a in the illustrated embodiment is formed with fluid tube sections 188 a, namely, a first fluid tube section 188 a linking fluid inlet valve chamber 182 a and fluid pump chamber 186 a and a second fluid tube section 188 a linking fluid pump chamber 186 a and fluid outlet valve chamber 184 a. Fluid inlet valve chamber 182 a, fluid outlet valve chamber 184 a, fluid pump chamber 186 a and fluid tube sections 188 a are molded as a single structure in one embodiment. There may be two sizes, for example, a larger size for blood pump 30, water pump 44, dialysis fluid pumps 64 and 94 and a smaller size for heparin pump 26, acid pump 54, and UF pump 104. Three or more different sizes may be provided alternatively, e.g., a third even smaller size for heparin pump 26.

It should be appreciated that while the pump and valve chambers for ease of illustration are shown being spherical, any or all of the pump and valve chambers could have an alternative shape, such as an elliptical or oblong shape.

One or more flexible membrane or sheeting 190, 192 is located between pneumatic caps 162 a, 164 a and 166 a and fluid piece 180 a. Membranes or sheeting 190, 192 may be made of polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polyethylene, kraton or polyolefin, for example, or of another medically safe flexible plastic or rubber. Membranes or sheeting 190, 192 may be flat and caused to stretch during actuation or be preformed or predomed to have a shape the same as or similar to pneumatic caps 162 a, 164 a and 166 a and/or fluid inlet valve chamber 182 a, fluid outlet valve chamber 184 a, and fluid pump chamber 186 a, so that membranes or sheeting 190, 192 do not stretch and instead flap back and forth.

It is important to prevent fluid from leaking into pneumatic manifold 120 a. It is accordingly contemplated to provide two or more plies or sheets 190, 192 in case one tears, has a pinhole, becomes misaligned, etc. Additionally, it is contemplated to pressure check each membrane 190, 192 before each treatment by applying pneumatic positive pressure inside pneumatic caps 162 a, 164 a and 166 a, isolating the pneumatic lines leading from pneumatic caps 162 a, 164 a and 166 a, and monitoring the pressures in the isolated areas to look for pressure decays. In this manner, leaking membranes or sheeting 190, 192 may be detected before medical fluid is introduced into fluid piece 180 a.

To catch fluid leaks occurring during treatment, it is contemplated to provide any one or more of (i) electrical contact sensors formed in an insulating housing (not illustrated) in pneumatic grooves or passageways 132 a, 134 a, 136 a, wherein the presence of a conductive liquid such as dialysis fluid or blood completes a circuit, which is sensed, (ii) a capacitive or inductive sensor (not illustrated) in pneumatic grooves or passageways 132 a, 134 a, 136 a, wherein the presence of a liquid such as water, dialysis fluid or blood changes an electrical field, which is sensed, or (iii) a memory storing a known pressure spike that occurs when a non-leaking membrane 190, 192 closes against pneumatic caps 162 a, 164 a and 166 a, wherein a deviation of that pressure spike is sensed when a leak or misalignment of membrane 190, 192 occurs.

One or more membrane 190, 192 is placed under positive pneumatic pressure at pneumatic cap 162 a to close against fluid inlet valve chamber 182 a to close the inlet valve. One or more membrane 190, 192 is placed under negative pneumatic pressure or is vented to atmosphere at pneumatic cap 162 a to open fluid inlet valve chamber 182 a (or allow it to be opened). One or more membrane 190, 192 is placed under positive pneumatic pressure at pneumatic cap 164 a to close against fluid outlet valve chamber 184 a to close the outlet valve. One or more membrane 190, 192 is placed under negative pneumatic pressure or is vented to atmosphere at pneumatic cap 164 a to open fluid outlet valve chamber 184 a (or allow it to be opened).

One or more membrane 190, 192 is placed under positive pneumatic pressure at pneumatic cap 166 a to close against fluid pump chamber 186 a to cause a pump-out stroke (with inlet valve chamber closed and outlet valve chamber open). One or more membrane 190, 192 is placed under negative pneumatic pressure at pneumatic cap 166 a to open fluid pump chamber 186 a to cause a pump-in stroke (with inlet valve chamber open and outlet valve chamber closed).

Fluid manifold 200 a for pump portion 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104 of one embodiment of a medical fluid management assembly 110 a includes a fluid pathway plate 202 a heat sealed, sonically sealed, or solvent bonded to a cover plate 220 a. Plates 202 a and 220 a may each be made of a rigid, medically safe plastic, such as, polyethylene (“PE”), polypropylene (“PP”), polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polysulfone, polystyrene, polycarbonate (“PC”), acrylic, cyclo-olefin copolymers (“COCs”), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (“ABS”), polyolefin and the like.

Fluid pathway plate 202 a includes or defines a fluid inlet pathway 204 a and a fluid outlet pathway 206 a. Fluid pathway plate 202 a further defines an inlet valve o-ring seat 208 a for sealingly holding an inlet valve o-ring 144. Fluid pathway plate 202 a further defines an outlet valve o-ring seat 210 a for sealingly holding an outlet valve o-ring 144. Any fluid pathway discussed herein, such as fluid outlet pathway 206 a, may be fitted with a one-way valve or check valve 212. Fluid flows from left to right in FIG. 3 . One-way valve or check valve 212 prevents fluid from backflowing from right to left into fluid pump chamber 186 a.

Cover plate 220 a is permanently sealed to fluid pathway plate 202 a in one embodiment, so that separate gasketing is not needed to seal fluid inlet pathway 204 a or fluid outlet pathway 206 a. Cover plate 220 a may include a raised or buttressed section 222 a to help hold and seal check valve 212 in place. In the illustrated embodiment, fluid inlet valve chamber 182 a and fluid outlet valve chamber 184 a each define a fluid port that fits sealingly within a respective o-ring 144 and abuts against a mating fluid pathway, e.g., fluid inlet pathway 204 a and a fluid outlet pathway 206 a, to provide a fluid-tight connection between pump and valve engine 160 a and fluid manifold 200 a.

Fluid, such as water, liquid concentrate, dialysis fluid or blood flows under negative pressure from fluid inlet pathway 204 a, into inlet valve chamber 182 a, through first fluid tube section 188 a, into fluid pump chamber 186 a, and under positive pressure from fluid pump chamber 186 a, through second fluid tube section 188 a and outlet valve chamber 184 a, and out fluid inlet pathway 206 a to a desired destination. For fluid pumping benefiting from continuous flow, or almost continuous flow, such as for blood pump 30, water pump 44, and dialysis fluid pumps 64 and 94, the structure just described for FIG. 3 is doubled, so that as one fluid pump chamber 186 a fills with blood, water or dialysis fluid, the other fluid pump chamber 186 a may expel blood, water or dialysis fluid. Certain pumping, such as for heparin pump 26, acid pump 54 and UF pump 104, does not require continuous pumping, so that the single fluid pump chamber 186 a and other structure of FIG. 3 will suffice.

Referring now to FIG. 4 , a cross-sectional view of a pump portion 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104 of another embodiment of a medical fluid management assembly 110 b of the present disclosure is illustrated. Medical fluid management assembly 110 b in the illustrated embodiment again includes three primary components, namely, a pneumatic manifold 120 b, a pump and valve engine 160 b, and a fluid manifold 200 b.

Pneumatic manifold 120 b in an embodiment includes metal plates or pieces 122 b, 124 b, and 126 b. Notably, metal plate or piece 126 b is significantly larger than piece 126 a of FIG. 3 and eliminates and thereby serves the purpose of the upper half of pump and valve engine 160 a in FIG. 3 . Metal plates or pieces 122 b, 124 b, and 126 b may again be machined aluminum, steel, stainless steel and combinations thereof. Where abutted, plates or pieces 122 b, 124 b and 126 b may be bolted removeably together using bolts and nuts and/or female mating threads.

Plate 126 b defines pneumatic pumping groove 132 b for carrying positive and negative pressure (or vent to atmosphere) selectively to a pneumatic pump chamber of pumps 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104. Plate 126 b also defines a pneumatic inlet valve groove 134 b for carrying positive and negative pressure (or vent to atmosphere) selectively to an inlet pneumatic valve chamber of pumps 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104. Plate 126 b further defines a pneumatic outlet valve groove 136 b for carrying positive and negative pressure (or vent to atmosphere) selectively to an outlet pneumatic valve chamber of pumps 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104.

Pneumatic manifold 120 b eliminates the need for upper o-ring seats and associated o-rings 144. As with FIG. 3 , a gasket 146 b is compressed between plate 122 b and plate 126 b to seal pneumatic grooves or passageways formed in piece 122 b and/or plate 126 b, e.g., groove or passageway 134 b. A gasket 148 b is compressed between plate 130 b and plate 126 b to seal pneumatic grooves or passageways formed in plate 130 b and/or plate 126 b, e.g., groove or passageway 132 b. A gasket 150 b is compressed between plate 124 b and plate 126 b to seal pneumatic grooves or passageways formed in plate 124 b and/or plate 126 b, e.g., groove or passageway 136 b. Gaskets 146 b, 148 b and 150 b may again be compressible silicone for example. Pneumatic grooves or passageways lead to electrically actuated pneumatic solenoid valves as described above with FIG. 3 , which may be spring closed when non-energized and opened when energized.

Pump and valve engine 160 b for pump portion 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104 of one embodiment of a medical fluid management assembly 110 b has eliminated pneumatic caps 162 a, 164 a and 166 a but still provides fluid piece 180 b. Fluid piece 180 b may again be made of a rigid, medically safe plastic, such as, polyethylene (“PE”), polypropylene (“PP”), polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polysulfone, polystyrene, polycarbonate (“PC”), acrylic, cyclo-olefin copolymers (“COCs”), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (“ABS”), polyolefin and the like.

Pneumatic caps 162 a, 164 a and 166 a in FIG. 3 have been replaced respectively by a pneumatic inlet valve chamber 136 b, a pneumatic outlet valve chamber 138 b and a pneumatic pump chamber 140 b for pump portion 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104 of medical fluid management assembly 110 b. Advantageously, sealing with o-rings 144 has been eliminated.

Fluid piece 180 b in the illustrated embodiment is the same (including all alternatives) as fluid piece 180 a in FIG. 3 and provides mating fluid chambers 182 b, 184 b and 186 b. Fluid inlet valve chamber 182 b mates with pneumatic inlet valve chamber 136 b. Fluid outlet valve chamber 184 b mates with pneumatic outlet valve chamber 138 b. Fluid pump chamber 186 a mates with pneumatic pump chamber 140 b. Fluid inlet valve chamber 182 b, fluid outlet valve chamber 184 b and fluid pump chamber 186 b each define a fluid port as illustrated that fits sealingly within a respective o-ring 144 and abuts against a mating fluid pathway of fluid manifold 200 b to provide an fluid-tight connection between pump and valve engine 160 b and fluid manifold 200 b.

Fluid piece 180 b like before is formed in an embodiment with fluid tube sections 188 b, namely, a first fluid tube section 188 b linking fluid inlet valve chamber 182 b and fluid pump chamber 186 b and a second fluid tube section 188 b linking fluid pump chamber 186 b and fluid outlet valve chamber 184 b. Fluid inlet valve chamber 182 b, fluid outlet valve chamber 184 b, fluid pump chamber 186 b and fluid tube sections 188 b are molded as a single structure and sized as needed in one embodiment. It should again be appreciated that while the pump and valve chambers for ease of illustration are shown being spherical, any or all of the pump and valve chambers could have an alternative shape, such as an elliptical or oblong shape.

One or more flexible membrane or sheeting 190, 192 is located between pneumatic chambers 136 b, 138 b and 140 b and fluid piece 180 b. Membranes or sheeting 190, 192 may be made of polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polyethylene, kraton or polyolefin, for example, or of another medically safe flexible plastic or rubber and have any of the alternatives discussed above in FIG. 3 . Moreover, any one or more of (i) pressure checks, (ii) electrical contact sensors, (ii) capacitive or inductive sensors, or (iii) a memory storing a known pressure spike that occurs when a non-leaking membrane 190, 192 may again be used to prevent leaking fluid from entering pneumatic manifold 120 b. Pneumatic pumping operates the same as described in FIG. 3 .

Fluid manifold 200 b for pump portion 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104 of for one embodiment of medical fluid management assembly 110 b is the same as above (including all alternatives) and includes a fluid pathway plate 202 b heat sealed, sonically sealed, or solvent bonded to a cover plate 220 b. Plates 202 b and 220 b may each be made of a rigid, medically safe plastic, such as, polyethylene (“PE”), polypropylene (“PP”), polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polysulfone, polystyrene, polycarbonate (“PC”), acrylic, cyclo-olefin copolymers (“COCs”), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (“ABS”), polyolefin and the like.

Fluid pathway plate 202 b includes or defines a fluid inlet pathway 204 b and a fluid outlet pathway 206 b. Fluid pathway plate 202 b further defines an inlet valve o-ring seat 208 b for sealingly holding an inlet valve o-ring 144. Fluid pathway plate 202 b further defines an outlet valve o-ring seat 210 b for sealingly holding an outlet valve o-ring 144. Any fluid pathway discussed herein may again be fitted with a one-way valve or check valve 212.

Cover plate 220 b is permanently sealed to fluid pathway plate 202 b in one embodiment, so that separate gasketing is not needed. Cover plate 220 b may again include a raised or buttressed section 222 b to help hold and seal check valve 212 in place. Fluid inlet valve chamber 182 b and fluid outlet valve chamber 184 b may each again define a pneumatic port that fits sealingly within a respective o-ring 144 and abuts against a mating fluid pathway to provide a fluid-tight connection between pump and valve engine 160 a and fluid manifold 200 a.

Again, for fluid pumping benefiting from continuous flow, or almost continuous flow, such as for blood pump 30, water pump 44, and dialysis fluid pumps 64 and 94, the structure just described for FIG. 4 is doubled, so that as one fluid pump chamber 186 b fills with blood, water or dialysis fluid, the other fluid pump chamber 186 b may expel blood, water or dialysis fluid. Certain pumping, such as for heparin pump 26, acid pump 54 and UF pump 104, does not require continuous pumping, so that the single fluid pump chamber 186 b and other structure of FIG. 4 will suffice.

Referring now to FIG. 5 , a cross-sectional view of a pump portion 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104 of another embodiment of a medical fluid management assembly 110 c of the present disclosure is illustrated. Medical fluid management assembly 110 c in the illustrated embodiment includes two primary components, namely, a pneumatic manifold 120 c and a fluid manifold 200 c, wherein the pump and valve engine has been eliminated.

Pneumatic manifold 120 c is the same as pneumatic manifold 120 b of FIG. 4 (including all alternatives) in an embodiment and includes metal plates or pieces 122 c, 124 c, and 126 c, which may again be machined aluminum, steel, stainless steel and combinations thereof. Where abutted, plates or pieces 122 c, 124 c and 126 c may be bolted removeably together using bolts and nuts and/or female mating threads.

Plate 126 c defines pneumatic pumping groove 132 c for carrying positive and negative pressure (or vent to atmosphere) selectively to a pneumatic pump chamber of pumps 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104. Plate 126 c also defines a pneumatic inlet valve groove 134 c for carrying positive and negative pressure (or vent to atmosphere) selectively to an inlet pneumatic valve chamber of pumps 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104. Plate 126 c further defines a pneumatic outlet valve groove 136 b for carrying positive and negative pressure (or vent to atmosphere) selectively to an outlet pneumatic valve chamber of pumps 26, 30, 44, 54, 64, 94 and 104.

Gasket 146 c is compressed between plate 122 c and plate 126 c to seal pneumatic grooves or passageways formed in piece 122 c and/or plate 126 c, e.g., groove or pathway 134 c. Gasket 148 c is compressed between plate 130 c and plate 126 c to seal pneumatic grooves or passageways formed in plate 130 c and/or plate 126 c, e.g., groove or passageway 132 c. Gasket 150 c is compressed between plate 124 c and plate 126 c to seal pneumatic grooves or passageways formed in plate 124 c and/or plate 126 c, e.g., groove or passageway 135 c. Gaskets 146 c, 148 c and 150 c may again be compressible silicone for example. Pneumatic grooves or passageways lead to electrically actuated pneumatic solenoid valves as described above with FIG. 3 , which may be spring closed when non-energized and opened when energized.

Pump and valve engines 160 a and 160 b have been eliminated completely. Pneumatic caps 162 a, 164 a and 166 a in FIG. 3 have again been replaced respectively by a pneumatic inlet valve chamber 136 c, a pneumatic outlet valve chamber 138 c and a pneumatic pump chamber 140 c of pneumatic manifold 120 c, eliminating sealing with o-rings 144 for airtight connection. Fluid piece 180 b in FIG. 4 has also been eliminated completely in FIG. 5 .

Fluid inlet valve chamber 182 b of FIG. 4 has been replaced by fluid inlet valve chamber 224 c of fluid manifold 200 c, which mates with pneumatic inlet valve chamber 136 b. Fluid outlet valve chamber 184 b of FIG. 4 has been replaced by fluid outlet valve chamber 226 c of fluid manifold 200 c, which mates with pneumatic outlet valve chamber 138 b. Fluid pump chamber 186 a of FIG. 4 has been replaced by fluid pump chamber 228 c of fluid manifold 200 c. Fluid inlet valve chamber 224 c, fluid outlet valve chamber 226 c and fluid pump chamber 228 c as illustrated are each formed in fluid pathway plate 202 b, which eliminates separate fluid ports, o-ring seats and o-rings 144 in fluid manifold 200 c.

Fluid pathway plate 202 b forms fluid tube sections 230 c, namely, a first fluid tube section 230 c linking fluid inlet valve chamber 224 c and fluid pump chamber 228 c and a second fluid tube section 230 c linking fluid pump chamber 228 c and fluid outlet valve chamber 226 c. Fluid inlet valve chamber 224 c, fluid outlet valve chamber 226 c, fluid pump chamber 228 c and fluid tube sections 230 c are molded as a single structure and sized as needed in one embodiment. It should again be appreciated that while the pump and valve chambers for ease of illustration are shown being spherical, any or all of the pump and valve chambers could have an alternative shape, such as an elliptical or oblong shape.

One or more flexible membrane or sheeting 190, 192 is located between pneumatic chambers 136 c, 138 c and 140 c and fluid chambers 224 c, 226 c and 228 c, respectively. Membranes or sheeting 190, 192 may again be made of polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polyethylene, kraton or polyolefin, for example, or of another medically safe flexible plastic or rubber and have any of the alternatives discussed above in FIG. 3 . Moreover, any one or more of (i) pressure checks, (ii) electrical contact sensors, (ii) capacitive or inductive sensors, or (iii) a memory storing a known pressure spike that occurs when a non-leaking membrane 190, 192 may again be used to prevent leaking fluid from entering pneumatic manifold 120 b. Pneumatic pumping operates the same as described in FIG. 3 .

Fluid manifold 200 c includes a cover plate 220 c heat sealed, sonically sealed, or solvent bonded to fluid pathway plate 202 c, so that separate gasketing is not needed. Plates 202 c and 220 c may each be made of a rigid, medically safe plastic, such as, polyethylene (“PE”), polypropylene (“PP”), polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polysulfone, polystyrene, polycarbonate (“PC”), acrylic, cyclo-olefin copolymers (“COCs”), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (“ABS”), polyolefin and the like. Fluid pathway plate 202 c includes or defines a fluid inlet pathway 204 c leading to fluid inlet valve chamber 224 c and a fluid outlet pathway 206 c leading from fluid outlet valve chamber 226 c. Any fluid pathway discussed herein may again be fitted with a one-way valve or check valve 212. Cover plate 220 c may again include a raised or buttressed section 222 c to help hold and seal check valve 212 in place.

Again, for fluid pumping benefiting from continuous flow, or almost continuous flow, such as for blood pump 30, water pump 44, and dialysis fluid pumps 64 and 94, the structure just described for FIG. 5 is doubled, so that as one fluid pump chamber 228 c fills with blood, water or dialysis fluid, the other fluid pump chamber 228 c may expel blood, water or dialysis fluid. Certain pumping, such as for heparin pump 26, acid pump 54 and UF pump 104, does not require continuous pumping, so that the single fluid pump chamber 228 c and other structure of FIG. 5 will suffice.

Referring now to FIG. 6 , a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a balance chamber portion 86 a, 86 b for inclusion with any of fluid management assemblies 110 a to 110 c discussed above is illustrated. Balance chamber portion 86 a, 86 b of FIG. 6 in the illustrated embodiment includes three primary components, namely, a pneumatic manifold 240 a, a valve engine 260 a, and a fluid manifold 300 a.

Pneumatic manifold 240 a in an embodiment includes metal plates or pieces 242 a, 244 a and 246 a, which may be machined aluminum, steel, stainless steel and combinations thereof. Where abutted, plates or pieces 242 a, 244 a and 246 a may be bolted removeably together using bolts and nuts and/or female mating threads.

Plate 242 a defines a pneumatic valve groove 248 a for carrying positive and negative pressure (or vent to atmosphere) selectively to a pneumatic valve chamber of valve engine 260 a of balance chamber 86 a, 86 b. Plate 244 a defines a pneumatic valve groove 250 a for carrying positive and negative pressure (or vent to atmosphere) selectively to a pneumatic valve chamber of valve engine 260 a of balance chamber 86 a, 86 b. There is no pneumatic connection to the upper balancing chamber 290 a of balance chamber 86 a, 86 b because upper balancing chamber 290 a carries liquid.

Plate 242 a defines a valve o-ring seat 252 a for sealingly holding a valve o-ring 144. Plate 244 a defines a valve o-ring seat 254 a for sealingly holding an outlet valve o-ring 144.

A gasket 256 a is compressed between plate 242 a and plate 246 a to seal pneumatic grooves or passageways formed in plate 242 a and/or plate 246 a, e.g., groove or passageway 248 a. A gasket 258 a is compressed between plate 244 a and plate 246 a to seal pneumatic grooves or passageways formed in plate 244 a and/or plate 246 a, e.g., groove or passageway 250 a. Gaskets 256 a and 258 a may be compressible silicone for example. The pneumatic grooves or passageways lead to electrically actuated pneumatic solenoid valves (not illustrated) as discussed above, which may be spring closed when non-energized and opened when energized. The electrically actuated pneumatic solenoid valves may be mounted to pneumatic manifold 240 a.

Valve engine 260 a for balance chamber portion 86 a, 86 b of medical fluid management assembly 110 a, 110 b or 110 c includes pneumatic caps 262 a and 264 a and a fluid piece 280 a. Caps 262 a, 264 a and piece 280 a may each be made of a rigid, medically safe plastic, such as, polyethylene (“PE”), polypropylene (“PP”), polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polysulfone, polystyrene, polycarbonate (“PC”), acrylic, cyclo-olefin copolymers (“COCs”), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (“ABS”), polyolefin and the like.

Pneumatic caps 262 a and 264 a form a pneumatic first valve chamber and a pneumatic second valve chamber for pump portion balance chambers 86 a, 86 b. Pneumatic caps 262 a and 264 a each define a pneumatic port as illustrated that fits sealingly within a respective o-ring 144 and abuts against a mating groove or passageway, e.g., groove 248 a and groove 250 a, to provide an airtight connection between valve engine 260 a and pneumatic manifold 240 a.

Fluid piece 280 a in the illustrated embodiment provides mating fluid chambers 282 a, 284 a and 286 a. Fluid valve chamber 282 a mates with pneumatic valve cap 262 a. Fluid valve chamber 284 a mates with pneumatic valve cap 264 a. Fluid balancing chamber 286 a mates with a second fluid balancing chamber 290 of a second fluid piece 280 a, which is located behind the illustrated fluid piece 280 a in FIG. 6 . Fluid valve chamber 282 a and fluid valve chamber 284 a each define a fluid port as illustrated that fits sealingly within a respective o-ring 144 and abuts against a mating fluid pathway of fluid manifold 300 a to provide an fluid-tight connection between valve engine 260 a and fluid manifold 300 a.

Fluid piece 280 a in the illustrated embodiment is formed with two fluid tube sections 288 a, namely, a first fluid tube section 288 a linking fluid valve chamber 282 a and lower fluid balancing chamber 286 a and a second fluid tube section 288 a linking lower fluid balancing chamber 286 a and fluid valve chamber 284 a. The second fluid piece 280 a, located behind the fluid piece 280 a visible in FIG. 6 , also includes two fluid tube sections 288 a, namely, a first fluid tube section 288 a linking fluid valve chamber 282 a (not visible in FIG. 6 ) and upper fluid balancing chamber 290 a and a second fluid tube section 288 a linking upper fluid balancing chamber 290 a and fluid valve chamber 284 a (not visible in FIG. 6 ).

The first and second fluid pieces 280 a in FIG. 6 are formed as separate pieces in one embodiment, so that the fully visible fluid piece 280 a with lower fluid balancing chamber 286 a may be inserted into fluid manifold 300 a before the partially hidden fluid piece 280 a with upper fluid balancing chamber 290 a is inserted into fluid manifold 300 a, so that upper fluid balancing chamber 290 a mates with lower fluid balancing chamber 286 a. Fluid valve chamber 282 a, fluid valve chamber 284 a, fluid balancing chamber 286 a or 290 a and fluid tube sections 188 a are molded as a single fluid piece 280 a forming structure in one embodiment.

In an alternative embodiment, first and second fluid pieces 280 a in FIG. 6 are formed or molded as a single piece. Here, upper fluid balancing chamber 290 a is permanently sealed, e.g., sonically welded, heat sealed or solvent bonded, to lower fluid balancing chamber 286 a, capturing flexible membranes 190, 192 between the balancing chambers. The four valves (two visible, two hidden in FIG. 6 ) connected balancing chambers 286 a, 290 a are then at once inserted sealingly into o-rings 144 of fluid manifold 300 a.

It should again be appreciated that while the balancing and valve chambers for ease of illustration are shown being spherical, any or all of the balancing and valve chambers could have an alternative shape, such as an elliptical or oblong shape.

One or more flexible membrane or sheeting 190, 192 is located between pneumatic caps 262 a, 264 a and upper fluid balancing chamber 290 a and the respective chambers of fluid pieces 280 a. Membranes or sheeting 190, 192 may be made of polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polyethylene, kraton or polyolefin, for example, or of another medically safe flexible plastic or rubber. Membranes or sheeting 190, 192 may be flat and caused to stretch during actuation or be preformed or predomed to have a shape the same as or similar to pneumatic caps 262 a, 264 a and/or fluid valve chambers 282 a, 284 a, so that membranes or sheeting 190, 192 do not stretch and instead flap back and forth. Membranes or sheeting 190, 192 for balancing chambers 286 a, 290 a are in one embodiment flat.

Any one or more of (i) pressure checks, (ii) electrical contact sensors, (ii) capacitive or inductive sensors, or (iii) a memory storing a known pressure spike that occurs when a non-leaking membrane 190, 192 may again be used to prevent leaking fluid from entering pneumatic manifold 240 a. Pneumatic operation of the valves operates the same as described in FIG. 3 .

Fluid manifold 300 a for balance chamber portion 86 a, 86 b of medical fluid management assembly 110 a, 110 b or 110 c includes a fluid pathway plate 302 a heat sealed, sonically sealed, or solvent bonded to a cover plate 320 a. Plates 302 a and 320 a may each be made of a rigid, medically safe plastic, such as, polyethylene (“PE”), polypropylene (“PP”), polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polysulfone, polystyrene, polycarbonate (“PC”), acrylic, cyclo-olefin copolymers (“COCs”), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (“ABS”), polyolefin and the like.

Fluid pathway plate 302 a includes or defines a first fluid pathway 304 a and a second fluid pathway 306 a. Fluid pathway plate 302 a further defines a first valve o-ring seat 308 a for sealingly holding a first valve o-ring 144. Fluid pathway plate 302 a further defines a second valve o-ring seat 310 a for sealingly holding a second valve o-ring 144. Any fluid pathway discussed herein, such as fluid outlet pathway 306 a, may be fitted with a one-way valve or check valve 212.

Cover plate 320 a is permanently sealed to fluid pathway plate 302 a in one embodiment, so that separate gasketing is not needed to seal first fluid pathway 304 a or second fluid pathway 306 a. Cover plate 320 a may include a raised or buttressed section 322 a to help hold and seal check valve 212 in place. In the illustrated embodiment, first fluid valve chamber 282 a and second fluid valve chamber 284 a each define a fluid port that fits sealingly within a respective o-ring 144 and abuts against a mating fluid pathway, e.g., first fluid pathway 304 a and second fluid pathway 306 a, to provide a fluid-tight connection between valve engine 260 a and fluid manifold 300 a.

Fluid, such as water, liquid concentrate, dialysis fluid or blood flows through balancing chambers 86 a, 86 b as follows. As discussed above, balancing chambers 286 a and 290 a, separated by membranes 190, 192, are associated with four valves, left and right valves visible in FIG. 6 and left and right valves behind the visible valves in FIG. 6 . One of the left or right visible valves is an inlet valve to lower balancing chamber 286 a, while the other of the left or right visible valves is an outlet valve to lower balancing chamber 286 a. The same applies to the hidden valves, but for upper balancing chamber 290 a. One of the left or right hidden valves is an inlet valve to upper balancing chamber 290 a, while the other of the left or right hidden valves is an outlet valve to upper balancing chamber 290 a. Depending upon how balancing chambers 86 a, 86 b are positioned relative to other components of medical fluid management assembly 110 a, 110 b or 110 c, it may be more convenient to have (i) both left valves be inlet valves and both right valves be outlet valves, (ii) both left valves be outlet valves and both right valves be inlet valves, (iii) left visible valve be an inlet valve, right visible valve be an outlet valve, left hidden valve be an outlet valve and right hidden valve be an inlet valve, or (iv) left visible valve be an outlet valve, right visible valve be an inlet valve, left hidden valve be an inlet valve and right hidden valve be an outlet valve.

Referring now to FIG. 7 , a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a balance chamber portion 86 a, 86 b for inclusion with any of fluid management assemblies 110 a to 110 c discussed above is illustrated. Balance chamber portion 86 a, 86 b of FIG. 7 in the illustrated embodiment includes two primary components, namely, a pneumatic manifold 240 b and a fluid manifold 300 b. Valve engine 260 a of FIG. 6 has been eliminated.

Pneumatic manifold 240 b in an embodiment includes metal plates or pieces 242 b, 244 b and 246 b, which may be machined aluminum, steel, stainless steel and combinations thereof. Where abutted, plates or pieces 242 b, 244 b and 246 b may be bolted removeably together using bolts and nuts and/or female mating threads.

Plate 242 b defines a pneumatic valve groove 248 b for carrying positive and negative pressure (or vent to atmosphere) selectively to a first pneumatic valve chamber 245 b also defined by plate 242 b. Plate 244 b defines a pneumatic valve groove 250 b for carrying positive and negative pressure (or vent to atmosphere) selectively to a second pneumatic valve chamber 247 b also defined by plate 244 b. There is again no pneumatic connection to the upper balancing chamber 290 b of balance chamber 86 a, 86 b because upper chamber 290 b carries liquid.

All pneumatic o-ring seats and associated o-rings 144 of FIG. 6 are eliminated.

A gasket 256 b is compressed between plate 242 b and plate 246 b to seal pneumatic grooves or passageways formed in plate 242 b and/or plate 246 b, e.g., groove or passageway 248 b. A gasket 258 b is compressed between plate 244 b and plate 246 b to seal pneumatic grooves or passageways formed in plate 244 b and/or plate 246 b, e.g., groove or passageway 250 b. Gaskets 256 b and 258 b may be compressible silicone for example. The pneumatic grooves or passageways lead to electrically actuated pneumatic solenoid valves (not illustrated) as discussed above, which may be spring closed when non-energized and opened when energized. The electrically actuated pneumatic solenoid valves may be mounted to pneumatic manifold 240 b.

Fluid manifold 300 b for balance chamber portion 86 a, 86 b of medical fluid management assembly 110 a, 110 b or 110 c includes a fluid pathway plate 302 b heat sealed, sonically sealed, or solvent bonded to a cover plate 320 b. Plates 302 b and 320 b may each be made of a rigid, medically safe plastic, such as, polyethylene (“PE”), polypropylene (“PP”), polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polysulfone, polystyrene, polycarbonate (“PC”), acrylic, cyclo-olefin copolymers (“COCs”), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (“ABS”), polyolefin and the like.

Fluid pathway plate 302 b includes or defines a first fluid pathway 304 b and a second fluid pathway 306 b. Fluid valve o-ring seats and associated o-rings 144 of FIG. 6 have been eliminated. Any fluid pathway discussed herein, such as fluid outlet pathway 306 a, may be fitted with a one-way valve or check valve 212. Cover plate 320 b is permanently sealed to fluid pathway plate 302 b in one embodiment, so that separate gasketing is not needed to seal first fluid pathway 304 b or second fluid pathway 306 b. Cover plate 320 b may include a raised or buttressed section 322 b to help hold and seal check valve 212 in place.

In the illustrated embodiment, fluid pathway plate 302 b defines a first fluid valve chamber 312 b and a second fluid valve chamber 314 b. First fluid valve chamber 312 b mates with first pneumatic valve chamber 245 b. Second fluid valve chamber 314 b mates with second pneumatic valve chamber 247 b. First fluid valve chamber 312 b communicates fluidly with a lower balancing chamber 316 b via a first fluid tube section 318 b, while second fluid valve chamber 314 b communicates fluidly with lower balancing chamber 316 b via a second fluid tube section 318 b. Lower balancing chamber 316 b, first and second fluid tube sections 318 b are each formed by or in fluid pathway plate 302 b in the illustrated embodiment.

First and second hidden fluid valve chambers are located behind first and second visible chambers 312 b and 314 b. First hidden fluid valve chamber communicates fluidly with an upper balancing chamber 319 b via a third fluid tube section 318 b, while second hidden fluid valve chamber communicates fluidly with upper balancing chamber 319 b via a fourth fluid tube section 318 b. Third and fourth fluid tube sections 318 b are in one embodiment each heat sealed, sonically welded, or solvent bonded to fluid pathway plate 302 b and upper balancing chamber 319 b, which is in turn heat sealed, sonically welded, or solvent bonded to lower balancing chamber 316 b. Third and fourth fluid tube sections 318 b are in an alternative embodiment pressed sealingly into o-rings 144 (not illustrated) fitted to fluid pathway plate 302 b, such that upper balancing chamber 319 b (permanently welded, heat sealed or adhered to third and fourth fluid tube sections 318 b) is in turn pressed sealingly onto lower balancing chamber 316 b and held in place via plate 246 b.

It should again be appreciated that while the balancing and valve chambers for ease of illustration are shown being spherical, any or all of the balancing and valve chambers could have an alternative shape, such as an elliptical or oblong shape.

One or more flexible membrane or sheeting 190, 192 is located between pneumatic valve chambers 245 b, 247 b and upper fluid balancing chamber 319 b and the respective chambers 312 b, 314 b and 316 b of fluid pathway plate 302 b. Membranes or sheeting 190, 192 may be made of polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polyethylene, kraton or polyolefin, for example, or of another medically safe flexible plastic or rubber. Membranes or sheeting 190, 192 may be flat and caused to stretch during actuation or be preformed or predomed to have a shape the same as or similar to pneumatic valve chambers 245 b, 247 b and/or fluid valve chambers 312 b, 314 b, so that membranes or sheeting 190, 192 do not stretch and instead flap back and forth. Membranes or sheeting 190, 192 for balancing chambers 316 b, 319 b are in one embodiment flat but may alternatively be pre-domed or preshaped.

Any one or more of (i) pressure checks, (ii) electrical contact sensors, (ii) capacitive or inductive sensors, or (iii) a memory storing a known pressure spike that occurs when a non-leaking membrane 190, 192 may again be used to prevent leaking fluid from entering pneumatic manifold 240 b. Pneumatic operation of the valves operates the same as described in FIG. 3 .

Fluid, such as water, liquid concentrate, dialysis fluid or blood flows through balancing chambers 86 a, 86 b as described above for FIG. 6 , where balancing chambers 316 b and 319 b in FIG. 7 replace balancing chambers 286 a and 290 a, respectively, in FIG. 6 .

Referring now to FIG. 8 , a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a water accumulator portion 42 for inclusion with any of fluid management assemblies 110 a to 110 c discussed above is illustrated. Water accumulator portion 42 of FIG. 8 in the illustrated embodiment includes only a fluid manifold 330. Fluid manifold 330 includes a fluid pathway plate 332 sealed to a cover plate 340. Fluid pathway plate 332 defines water inlet pathway 334 leading to a water chamber 336 and water outlet pathway 338 leading from water chamber 336. Water chamber 336 is permanently sealed or in sealed compression with an air chamber plate 342.

Fluid pathway plate 332, cover plate 340 and air chamber plate 342 may each be made of a rigid, medically safe plastic, such as, polyethylene (“PE”), polypropylene (“PP”), polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polysulfone, polystyrene, polycarbonate (“PC”), acrylic, cyclo-olefin copolymers (“COCs”), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (“ABS”), polyolefin and the like. Fluid pathway plate 332 may be heat sealed, sonically sealed, or solvent bonded to both cover plate 340 and air chamber plate 342. Air chamber plate 342 may alternatively be held in compression onto water chamber 336. In either case, one or more flexible membrane 190, 192 is compressed between water chamber 336 air chamber plate 342.

Flexible membrane 190, 192 may be made of any of the materials discussed above and stretches to allow more or less water into water chamber 336. Flexible membrane 190, 192 also tends to dampen pulsatility in the flow of water to the mixing portion of machine 90.

Referring now to FIG. 9 , a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a mixing chamber 52 for inclusion with any of fluid management assemblies 110 a to 110 c discussed above is illustrated. Mixing chamber portion 52 of FIG. 9 in the illustrated embodiment includes only a fluid manifold 350. Fluid manifold 350 includes a fluid pathway plate 352 sealed in any manner discussed above to a cover plate 370. Fluid pathway plate 352 defines water/bicarbonate mixture inlet pathway 354 and a liquid acid inlet pathway 356 leading to a mixing chamber housing 358, and a mixed dialysis fluid outlet pathway 360 leading from mixing chamber housing 358 to a desired destination.

Fluid pathway plate 352, cover plate 360 may each be made of a rigid, medically safe plastic, such as, polyethylene (“PE”), polypropylene (“PP”), polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polysulfone, polystyrene, polycarbonate (“PC”), acrylic, cyclo-olefin copolymers (“COCs”), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (“ABS”), polyolefin and the like. Fluid pathway plate 352 may be heat sealed, sonically sealed, or solvent bonded to both cover plate 360. Here, no flexible membrane 190, 192 is used.

Mixing chamber allows water that has been pre-mixed with bicarbonate, e.g., dry bicarbonate powder to mix with a metered amount of liquid acid to produce fresh dialysis fluid for use within machine 90.

Referring now to FIG. 10 , one embodiment for integrating a conductivity sensor 36 into the medical fluid management assemblies of the present disclosure is illustrated. Conductivity sensors 36 are illustrated additionally in connection with FIG. 12 below. Conductivity sensors 36 are illustrated as being integrated into fluid management assembly 110 c of FIG. 5 . Each of the element numbers illustrated in FIG. 10 that is also illustrated in FIG. 5 includes all of the structure, functionality and alternatives discussed above for, or incorporated by reference into the discussion of, FIG. 5 . It should also be appreciated that conductivity sensors 36 may likewise be integrated in the manner discussed in connection with FIG. 10 into fluid management assemblies 110 a and 110 b of FIGS. 3 and 4 , respectively.

FIG. 10 illustrates that fluid pathway 206 c leads to an inlet or outlet port 214 c, which connects sealingly to a tube via a hose barb connection in the illustrated embodiment. Viewing FIG. 12 and the example placement of conductivity sensors 36, the tube may for example be purified water line 62, the tube from acid pump 74 or the tube leading to or from water pump 52. Conductivity sensor 36 in the illustrated embodiment is placed in fluid outlet pathway 206 c between pneumatic outlet valve chamber 138 c/fluid outlet valve chamber 226 c and inlet or outlet port 214 c. In an alternative embodiment, conductivity sensor 36 is located upstream of inlet port 214 c or downstream of outlet port 214 c.

Conductivity sensor 36 in the illustrated embodiment includes an insert 36 a, e.g., a somewhat cone or conical-shaped insert, which is placed in sealed engagement with fluid pathway plate 202 c via a compressed o-ring 216 c. Alternatively, insert 36 a may be molded into plate 202 c. In an embodiment, insert 36 a is discarded when fluid manifold 200 c is discarded, which may be after a single use or multiple uses, e.g., a month's worth of uses. Insert 36 a is made of a conductive, medically safe material, such as stainless steel or titanium.

Conductivity probe 36 b is carried instead by metal plate or piece 126 c of pneumatic manifold 120 c. Probe 36 b is likewise made of a conductive material, such as copper, steel, aluminum or stainless steel. Probe 36 b is not intended to come into contact with medical fluid or any of the fluids discussed herein. Probe 36 b includes an insert end 36 c, which is cone or conical-shaped to contact and match that of insert 36 a. Conductivity probe 36 b includes a threaded end 36 d, which threads into place with mating threads formed in a bore in metal plate or piece 126 c of pneumatic manifold 120 c. Sensing leads 36 e lead from threaded end 36 d to control unit 50 (FIG. 1 ). Probe 36 b may be reused for as long as it operates properly. Thus only the small, thin conductive probe 36 a need be discarded, which again may result after multiple uses. Conductivity sensors 36 of the present disclosure therefore do not add significant disposal cost.

The conductivity of the fluid traveling through fluid pathway 206 c is detectable via insert 36 a contacting conductive probe rod 36 b, having conductive leads extending to control unit 50. In an embodiment, each conductivity sensor 36 illustrated in FIG. 12 is actually a pair of sensors, e.g., two of the sensors 36 illustrated in FIG. 10 . One sensor of the pair further includes thermistor or thermocouple wires compressed between mating conductive insert 36 a and conductive probe 36 b for sensing the fluid temperature at the point where the conductivity reading is taken. In this manner, control unit 50 may input the relevant fluid temperature to provide a temperature compensated conductivity reading.

FIG. 10 also illustrates embodiments for securing pneumatic manifold 120 c and fluid manifold 200 c together, so as to compress gaskets 146 c, 148 c, 150 c, and flexible membranes 190 and 192 to provide an airtight and fluid-tight fluid management assembly 110 c. The embodiments discussed in connection with FIG. 10 also compress gaskets 144 illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 to provide airtight and fluid-tight fluid management assemblies 110 a and 110 b.

In the illustrated embodiment, the different plates or pieces of pneumatic manifold 120 c are metal and may thus be threaded. FIG. 10 shows that metal plate or piece 124 c defines a through-bore that allows threads of a bolt or fastener 390 to pass through metal plate or piece 124 c to reach mating female threads of a threaded bore 127 c formed in plate 126 c. Bolt or fastener 390 may be fastened with one or both flat and lock washers 392. Multiple bolts or fasteners 390 are provided as needed to compress gaskets 146 c, 148 c, 150 c, thereby sealing pneumatic passageways, such as passageway 135 c illustrated in FIG. 10 . Bolts or fasteners 390 only need to be removed from pneumatic manifold 120 c if it needs maintenance, e.g., upon a fluid leak into pneumatic passageways, such as passageway 135 c. Pneumatic manifolds 120 a and 120 b of FIGS. 3 and 4 respectively may be held together in the same manner using bolts or fasteners 390.

Fluid manifolds 200 a, 200 b and 200 c of FIGS. 3, 4, 5 and 10 , respectively, and are each held together via heat seal, sonic seal, or solvent bonding in various embodiments. The sealing together of (i) the pump and valve engine 160 a, and the pump and valve engine 160 a to pneumatic manifold 120 a and fluid manifold 200 a in FIG. 3 , (ii) the pump and valve engine 160 b, and the pump and valve engine 160 b to fluid manifold 200 b in FIG. 4 , and (iii) pneumatic manifold 120 c and fluid manifold 200 c in FIGS. 5 and 10 is performed using longer bolts or fasteners 394 illustrated in FIG. 10 . Again, FIG. 10 illustrates situation (iii) pneumatic manifold 120 c sealing to fluid manifold 200 c.

In FIG. 10 , plate 126 c of pneumatic manifold 120 c defines a bore or aperture 142 c, while fluid pathway plate 202 c of fluid manifold 200 c defines a mating bore or aperture 218 c. Mating bores or apertures 142 c and 218 c accept bolt or fastener 394. A quick disconnect 396 (e.g., a bicycle style quick clamp) is provided on the outside of fluid manifold 200 c, so that a user may quickly release quick disconnect 396 and pull fluid manifold 200 c from pneumatic manifold 120 c, which is bolted or otherwise connected to machine 90 in one embodiment. Multiple fasteners 394 (including one or both of flat and lock washers 392) are coupled via quick disconnects 396 to enable the user to quickly undue disconnects 396 and swap out fluid manifold 200 c when needed. In an embodiment, flexible membranes 190 and 192 are provided with fluid manifold 200 c so that new membranes are provided with a new manifold 200 c. With fluid management assemblies 110 a and 110 b, the pump and valve engines and the fluid manifolds would be swapped out upon releasing quick disconnects 396.

It should be appreciated that other types of quick disconnects may be used. Further alternatively, quick disconnects may be replaced by nuts or locknuts, wherein the user uses a tool to remove the nuts to swap out the appropriate pump and valve engines and/or fluid manifolds.

Referring now to FIG. 11 , one embodiment for integrating an electrically actuated pneumatic valve 400 into the medical fluid management assemblies of the present disclosure is illustrated. Electrically actuated pneumatic valves 400 are illustrated as being integrated into fluid management assembly 110 c of FIG. 5 . Each of the element numbers illustrated in FIG. 11 that is also illustrated in FIG. 5 includes all of the structure, functionality and alternatives discussed above for, or incorporated by reference into the discussion of, FIG. 5 . It should also be appreciated that electrically actuated pneumatic valve 400 may likewise be integrated in the manner discussed in connection with FIG. 11 into fluid management assemblies 110 a and 110 b of FIGS. 3 and 4 , respectively.

Pneumatic passageway 135 c is provided again to deliver positive or negative pneumatic pressure to pneumatic valve chamber 138 c (inlet or outlet) of plate 126 c. In FIG. 11 , positive groove or passageway 137 c and negative groove or passageway 139 c are added so that valve 400 may supply either positive or negative pneumatic pressure to pneumatic passageway 135 c and pneumatic valve chamber 138 c. It should be appreciated that negative groove or passageway 139 c may alternatively be a passageway to atmosphere. That is, instead of using negative pressure to open flexible membranes 190 and 192, membranes after being closed via positive pressure may instead be vented to atmosphere, allowing positive fluid pressure on the other side of the membranes open the valve. If, however, groove or passageway 139 c is to be used for negative pressure, then the passageway is connected pneumatically to a source of negative pressure, such as a negative pressure reservoir or a negative pressure manifold. Likewise, positive groove or passageway 137 c is connected pneumatically to a source of positive pressure, such as a positive pressure reservoir or a positive pressure manifold.

Electrically actuated pneumatic valve 400 may be of different forms. For pneumatic valves chambers, such as pneumatic valve chamber 138 c, pneumatic valve 400 may be an on/off type valve using electrically actuated solenoids 412 that either open or close pneumatic passageway 135 c and pneumatic valve chamber 138 c to positive pressure or negative pressure (or vent). In an embodiment, electrically actuated solenoids 412 are normally closed and require electrical energy to open valve chamber 138 c to positive or negative pressure. In this manner, no actuation occurs upon power loss. As discussed above, flexible membranes 190 and 192 may be preshaped or predomed, and may be positioned so that membranes 190 and 192 are closed against fluid valve chamber 226 c upon power loss.

For pneumatic pump chambers, such as pneumatic pump chamber 140 c of FIG. 5 , pneumatic valve 400 may be a variable orifice valve, which is commanded by control unit 50 (FIG. 1 ) to allow a varying amount of positive or negative pneumatic pressure to pneumatic pump chamber 140 c. Regardless of which type of valve 400 is used, positive pressure in FIG. 11 is supplied through positive groove or passageway 137 c, through positive valve inlet 408 and valve outlet 406, to pneumatic passageway 135 c and pneumatic valve chamber 138 c. Likewise, regardless of which type of valve 400 is used, negative pressure in FIG. 11 is supplied through negative groove or passageway 139 c, through negative valve inlet passageway 410 and valve outlet passageway 406, to pneumatic passageway 135 c and pneumatic valve chamber 138 c.

FIG. 11 illustrates that pneumatic valves 400 may be mounted sealingly and directly to the fluid management assemblies of the present disclosure, such as fluid management assembly 110 c of FIGS. 5 and 11 . As illustrated, this configuration allows pneumatic passageways (e.g., passageway 135 c) between valves 400 and their respective pneumatic chambers (e.g., chamber 138 c) to be as short as possible. Positive passageway 137 c and negative passageway 139 c may be manifold lines supplying many valves. In this way, pneumatic routing for the fluid management assemblies of the present disclosure may be minimized.

Referring now to FIG. 12 , an overall view of one embodiment for fluid management assembly 110 a (using pumps according to FIG. 3 ), 110 b (using pumps according to FIG. 4 ) or 110 c (using pumps according to FIG. 5 ), any of which employs balance chambers according to FIG. 6 or 7 , a water accumulator according to FIG. 8 and a mixing chamber according to FIG. 9 is illustrated. Fluid management assembly 110 a to 110 c includes an overall fluid manifold 380, which may be considered to be a combination or amalgamation of fluid manifolds 200 a/200 b/200 c, 300 a/300 b, 330 and 350 discussed above along with the definition of other fluid pathways discussed below.

Fresh water is introduced via purified water line 62 into overall fluid manifold 380 at water accumulator 42 provided according to FIG. 9 in one embodiment. Purified water is pump via water pump 44, provided according to any of FIGS. 3 to 5 , into a bicarbonate cartridge 72, which is located separate from fluid manifold 380, within machine 90. At the same time, a liquid acid pump 54, provided according to any of FIGS. 3 to 5 , pumps liquid acid concentrate from a container 74, which is located separate from fluid manifold 380, within machine 90.

FIG. 12 illustrates that fluid manifold 380 provides space for conductivity sensors 36 to measure the conductivity of fluids at pertinent locations, such as in water line 62, downstream of bicarbonate cartridge 72, in the liquid acid line, and downstream from mixing chamber 52 where the conductivity of the resulting fresh dialysis fluid should reside within a set range. Conductivity sensors 36 show dashed lines indicating that they communicate information with control unit 50 (FIG. 1 ). Control unit 50 evaluates the signals form conductivity probes to evaluate whether and ensure that dialysis fluid is mixed properly.

Fresh dialysis fluid is pumped to a dialysis fluid holding tank 53, which is located separate from fluid manifold 380, within machine 90. Fresh dialysis fluid pump 64, provided according to any of FIGS. 3 to 5 , pumps fresh dialysis fluid from holding tank 53, through ultrafilter 78, which is mounted to fluid manifold 380 and placed in fluid-tight communication with fluid located in fluid manifold 380. Ultrafilter 78 as illustrated outputs further purified dialysis fluid to heater 80 and rejects a portion of dialysis fluid back to dialysis fluid holding tank 53. Heater 80 is located separate from fluid manifold 380, within machine 90.

Fresh, heated dialysis fluid is pumped via fresh dialysis fluid pump 64 to balance chambers 86 a and 86 b. Balance chambers 86 a and 86 b may be provided according to any of FIG. 6 or 7 . Used dialysis fluid is pumped from dialyzer 40 via used dialysis fluid pump 94 to balance chambers 86 a and 86 b. Dialyzer 40 is located separate from fluid manifold 380, within machine 90. Used dialysis fluid pump 94 is provided according to any of FIGS. 3 to 5 . Used dialysis fluid entering balance chambers 86 a and 86 b causes a like volume of fresh dialysis fluid to be delivered to dialyzer 40. Fresh dialysis fluid entering balance chambers 86 a and 86 b causes a like volume of used dialysis fluid to be delivered to drain via drain line 82.

UF pump 104, provided according to any of FIGS. 3 to 5 , meters a precise and prescribed amount of used dialysis fluid as UF into drain line 82. Drain line 82 runs to a drain cassette 102 and then from drain cassette to house drain. Drain cassette 82 also connects fluidly with a blood tubing connector 103. Blood tubing connector 103, which may be provided on the front of machine 90 for easy user access, accepts arterial line 14 and venous line 16 when they are not connected to a patient 12 (FIG. 1 ), so that the dialysis fluid and blood circuits can be connected together for disinfection and priming. Because the disinfection and priming fluids have touched blood lines 14 and 16 that have carried the patient's blood, and because such fluids can reach drain cassette 102, drain cassette is provided separately from fluid manifold 380, so that if machine 90 is used for a different patient, only the small drain cassette 102 has to be replaced, manifold 380 can remain. To this end, a check valve 212 is placed in drain line 82 upstream of drain cassette so that fluid is prevented from backflowing from drain cassette into fluid manifold 380. As illustrated above, other check valves 212 may be integrated into overall fluid manifold 380.

FIG. 12 also illustrates that fluid management assembly 110 a to 110 c may also include blood pump 30 and heparin pump 26, which each may be provided according to any of FIGS. 3 to 5 . Blood pump 30 pulls blood from arterial line 14 when connected to patient 12 and pushes the blood according to the arrow (dashed for blood, solid for dialysis fluid) through dialyzer 40 and venous line 16 when connected to patient 12. Heparin is pumped via heparin pump from vial 24 into arterial line 14 in one embodiment, according to the arrow (dash-dot for heparin).

FIG. 12 accordingly illustrates that most all fluid touching components of machine 90 may be placed on a single fluid manifold 380. It is envisioned that the only components described in FIG. 12 that reside outside the front of machine 10 are dialyzer 40, heparin vial 24, arterial line 14, venous line 16 and blood tubing connector 103, providing the machine with a sleek, simplified look. Water line 62 and drain line 82 may extend out the back of machine 90. In an alternative embodiment, blood pump 30 may also be viewed from the front of machine 90. It is contemplated that heparin vial 24 be replaced with a new vial each treatment, while blood set 100 is disinfected, reused and replaced approximately once every month. The remaining components of fluid manifold 380 may be replaced approximately every few, e.g., six, months.

Viewing FIG. 12 in light of FIGS. 3 to 9 , it should be appreciated that the water pump 44, acid pump 54, fresh dialysis fluid pump 64, balance chambers 86 a, 86 b, used dialysis fluid pump 94, UF pump 104, blood pump 30 and heparin pump 26 have pneumatic components corresponding to the fluidic components of fluid manifold 380. Water accumulator 42, mixing chamber 52 and ultrafilter 78 do not have corresponding pneumatic components. It is therefore contemplated in one embodiment to provide water accumulator 42, mixing chamber 52 and ultrafilter 78 in a fluid management assembly different than assembly 110 a to 110 c of FIG. 12 , so that pneumatic efficiently run only to fluid management assemblies needing pneumatic actuation. In alternative embodiment, different fluid management assemblies are separated according to use, e.g., water and mixing, versus dialysis fluid pumping, versus blood pumping. Further alternatively or additionally, different fluid management assemblies are separated according to whether they contain disposable versus reusable parts.

The twelve fluid components of fluid manifold 380 in FIG. 12 are laid out linearly, i.e., in a 12×1 array. In alternative embodiments, the twelve fluid components of fluid manifold 380 in FIG. 12 are still provided together but are laid out instead in a 6×2 array (split after ultrafilter 78), or in a 4×3 array (split after mixing chamber 52 and balance chambers 86 a, 86 b).

In still a further alternative embodiment, the twelve fluid components of fluid manifold 380 in FIG. 12 are split physically from each other, e.g., according to function, so that the separate manifolds and corresponding fluid management assemblies may be placed at desired locations within machine 90. For example, a first water and mixing fluid management assembly including water accumulator 42, water pump 44, acid pump 54 and mixing chamber 52 may be provided in a first location within machine 90, e.g., near bicarbonate cartridge 72 and acid container 74. A second dialysis fluid management assembly including fresh dialysis fluid pump 64, ultrafilter 78, balance chambers 86 a, 86 b, used dialysis fluid pump 94, and UF pump 104 may be provided in a second location within machine 90, e.g., near dialysis fluid holding tank 53. A third blood fluid management assembly including blood pump 30, heparin pump 26 and heparin vial 24 may be provided in a third location within machine 90, e.g., near dialyzer 40 and/or blood tubing connector 103.

Referring now to FIG. 13 , a schematic cross-sectional view of fluid management assembly 110 a described above in connection with FIG. 3 is illustrated. Medical fluid management assembly 110 a includes pneumatic manifold 120 a, pump and valve engine 160 a, and fluid manifold 200 a as described above including all structure, functionality and alternatives. In various embodiments, pneumatic manifold 120 a may be affixed to a chassis of machine 90 (FIG. 1 ), while pump and valve engine 160 a and fluid manifold 200 a are removed from pneumatic manifold 120 a for periodic replacement. Pump and valve engine 160 a and fluid manifold 200 a may for example be accessed from the front, back or one of the left or right sides of machine 90.

Referring now to FIG. 14 , one embodiment of a further alternative fluid management assembly 110 d operating in a renal failure therapy system, such as system 10 (FIG. 1 ) is illustrated schematically. Here, dual fluid manifolds 200 d 1 and 200 d 2 are aligned back to back. First fluid manifold 200 d 1 operates with a first pneumatic manifold 120 d 1 and a first pump and valve engine 160 d 1 according to any of the disclosure provided herein, while second fluid manifold 200 d 2 operates with a second pneumatic manifold 120 d 2 and a second pump and valve engine 160 d 2 according to any of the disclosure provided herein. In alternative embodiments, parts or all of one or both of first pump and valve engine 160 d 1 and second pump and valve engine 160 d 2 are removed according to FIGS. 4 and 5 .

First pneumatic manifold 120 d 1 and second pneumatic manifold 120 d 2 may be hingedly connected to the chassis of machine 90, such that they may hinge away from each other, carrying their respective pump and valve engines and fluid manifolds away from each other for replacement. Once replaced, first pneumatic manifold 120 d 1 and second pneumatic manifold 120 d 2 are brought together hingedly. First pneumatic manifold 120 d 1 and second pneumatic manifold 120 d 2 are operably connected to control unit 50 for valve operation and sensor reading in the illustrated embodiment.

In FIG. 14 , first fluid manifold 200 d 1 takes water, acid and bicarb in and includes all components from the left end to ultrafilter 78 in FIG. 12 to output purified dialysis fluid to dialyzer 40. Second fluid manifold 200 d 2 takes used dialysis fluid in from dialyzer 40 and includes all components from balance chambers 86 a, 86 b to UF pump 104 in FIG. 12 to output used dialysis fluid to drain. Blood set 100 (FIG. 2 ) is provided separately from fluid management assembly 110 d and pumps blood under negative pressure from patient 12 along arterial line 14, through dialyzer 40 (counterflow to dialysis fluid in one embodiment), and returns blood to patient 12 under positive pressure via venous line 16.

Referring now to FIG. 15 , the same fluid management assembly 110 d (including all structure, functionality and alternatives described or incorporated by reference above in FIG. 14 ) may be used for a different blood treatment, e.g., providing hemofiltration for sepsis. Blood set 100 (FIG. 2 ) is again provided separately from fluid management assembly 110 d and pumps blood under negative pressure from patient 12 along arterial line 14, and into second fluid manifold 200 d 2, which pumps the blood through a sepsis filter 440 and into first fluid manifold 200 d 1, which returns blood to patient 12 under positive pressure via venous line 16.

Referring now to FIG. 16 , an embodiment of still a further alternative fluid management assembly 110 e operating in a renal failure therapy system, such as system 10 (FIG. 1 ) is illustrated schematically. Here again, dual fluid manifolds 200 e 1 and 200 e 2 are aligned back to back. First fluid manifold 200 e 1 operates with a first pneumatic manifold 120 e 1 and a first pump and valve engine 160 e 1 according to any of the disclosure provided herein, while second fluid manifold 200 e 2 operates with a second pneumatic manifold 120 e 2 and a second pump and valve engine 160 e 2 according to any of the disclosure provided herein. In alternative embodiments, parts or all of one or both of first pump and valve engine 160 e 1 and second pump and valve engine 160 e 2 are removed according to FIGS. 4 and 5 .

First pneumatic manifold 120 e 1 and second pneumatic manifold 120 e 2 may again be hingedly connected to the chassis of machine 90 for component replacement. First and second pneumatic manifolds 120 e 1 and 120 e 2 are operably connected to control unit 50 for valve operation and sensor reading in the illustrated embodiment. In FIG. 16 , first fluid manifold 200 e 1 receives water, acid and bicarb in and includes all components from the left end to ultrafilter 78 in FIG. 12 to output purified dialysis fluid to dialyzer 40. Second fluid manifold 200 e 2 receives used dialysis fluid in from dialyzer 40 and includes all components from balance chambers 86 a, 8 cb to the right end of FIG. 12 , including blood pump 30 and heparin pump 24. Blood set 100 (FIG. 2 ) is here incorporated into fluid management assembly 110 e. The incorporated blood pump 30 pumps blood under negative pressure from patient 12 along arterial line 14, through dialyzer 40 (counterflow to dialysis fluid in one embodiment), and returns the blood to patient 12 under positive pressure via venous line 16.

In an embodiment, first pneumatic manifold 120 e 1 and second pneumatic manifold 120 e 1 are mounted to the chassis of machine 90 (FIG. 1 ) such that they may slide away from each other. First pneumatic manifold 120 e 1 carries first pump and valve engine 160 e 1 and first fluid manifold 200 e 1, while second pneumatic manifold 120 e 2 carries second pump and valve engine 160 e 2, second fluid manifold 200 e 2 and blood set components 30 and 24, such that once apart the (i) first pump and valve engine 160 e 1 and first fluid manifold 200 e 1 may be replaced as needed and (ii) second pump and valve engine 160 e 2, second fluid manifold 200 e 2 and blood set components 30 and 24 may be replaced as needed. Once replacement is completed, first pneumatic manifold 120 e 1 and second pneumatic manifold 120 e 1 are slid back together along the chassis.

FIG. 16 also illustrates blood set 100 e (including all structure, functionality and alternatives discussed above in connection with blood set 100 shown of FIG. 2 . Blood set 100 e is illustrated on the outside of fluid management assembly 110 e, mated to pneumatic manifold 120 e 2. Such arrangement simplifies architecture, reduces number of parts, etc. Blood set 100 e may be replaced frequently and may therefore be placed on the outside of chassis of machine 90, e.g., on its wall or door, where it is visible and accessible (e.g., snapped into and out of place). Pump and valve engines 160 e 1 and 160 e 2 and pneumatic manifolds 120 e 1 and 120 e 2 of fluid management assembly 110 e may be permanent or replaced infrequently, e.g., once every six months or longer, and are located accordingly within the chassis of machine 90.

Referring now to FIG. 17 , one embodiment of a yet another alternative fluid management assembly 110 f is illustrated schematically. Here again, dual fluid manifolds 200 f 1 and 200 f 2 are aligned back to back. First fluid manifold 200 f 1 operates with a first pneumatic manifold 120 f 1 and multiple pump and valve engines 160 f 2, 160 f 3 and 160 f 4 according to any of the disclosure provided herein, while second fluid manifold 200 f 2 operates with a second pneumatic manifold 120 f 2 and a first pump and valve engine 160 f 1 according to any of the disclosure provided herein. In alternative embodiments, parts or all of one or more or all of first to fourth pump and valve engines 160 f 1 to 160 f 4 are removed according to FIGS. 4 and 5 .

First pneumatic manifold 120 d 1 and second pneumatic manifold 120 d 2 may be hingedly connected to the chassis of machine 90 for component removal as discussed above. First pneumatic manifold 120 d 1 and second pneumatic manifold 120 d 2 are operably connected to control unit 50 for valve operation and sensor reading in the illustrated embodiment. Control unit 50 may control the electrical and signal functionality for all of machine 90 and system 10.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view illustrating that there does not have to be a one-to-one relationship between pneumatic manifolds, pump and valve engines and fluid manifolds. For a single pneumatic manifold there may be: (i) a single fluid manifold, (ii) a single fluid manifold and a single pump and valve engine, (iii) a single fluid manifold and a multiple pump and valve engines, (iv) multiple fluid manifolds and a single pump and valve engine, and (v) multiple fluid manifolds and multiple pump and valve engines. For a single pump and valve engine there may be: (i) a single pneumatic manifold and multiple fluid manifolds, (ii) multiple pneumatic manifolds and a single fluid manifold, and (iii) multiple pneumatic manifolds and multiple fluid manifolds. For a single fluid manifold there may be: (i) a single pneumatic manifold and multiple pump and valve engines, (ii) multiple pneumatic manifolds and a single pump and valve engine, and (iii) multiple pneumatic manifolds and multiple pump and valve engines.

FIG. 17 illustrates the modularity of fluid management assembly 110 f. As illustrated, different pump and valve engines may be attached to the same fluid manifolds to achieve different functionality.

Referring now to FIGS. 18A to 18C, the modularity of the fluid management assemblies of the present disclosure are illustrated schematically by fluid management assemblies 110 g 1 to 110 g 3. Each of fluid management assemblies 110 g 1 to 110 g 3 includes a different fluid manifold 200 g 1, 200 g 2 and 200 g 3, respectively. Each of fluid management assemblies 110 g 1 to 110 g 3 includes a same first pump and valve engine 160 g 1. Fluid management assembly 110 g 1 additionally includes second and third pump and valve engines 160 g 2 and 160 g 3. Fluid management assembly 110 g 2 additionally includes second and fourth pump and valve engines 160 g 2 and 160 g 4. Fluid management assembly 110 g 3 additionally includes second, third and fourth pump and valve engines 160 g 2, 160 g 3 and 160 g 4. It should therefore be appreciated that different ones of the same pneumatic manifolds, the same pump and valve engines, and the same fluid manifolds may be mixed and matched in a modular manner to produce different overall fluid management assemblies, each having a desired functionality.

Referring now to FIGS. 19A and 19B, fluid management assembly 110 d discussed above is shown with additional attachment detail, which is applicable to any of the medical fluid management assemblies of the present disclosure. FIG. 10 and associated text describe bolts or fasteners 390 and 394 used to hold the fluid management assemblies of the present disclosure releasably together. FIG. 19A further describes that multiple bolts or fasteners 390 a to 390 f may be used to hold two or more of any of a pneumatic manifold, a pump and valve engine, and a fluid manifold together. Where bolts or fasteners 390 a to 390 f thread into a plastic component, a threaded metal insert may be formed into or adhered to the plastic component, so that a desired amount of tightness may be achieved without cracking the plastic component.

In the illustrated embodiment, bolt or fastener 390 a holds pneumatic manifold 120 d 1, pump and valve engine 160 d 1 and fluid manifold 200 d 1 releasably together. Bolt or fastener 390 b holds pump and valve engine 160 d 1, fluid manifold 200 d 1, fluid manifold 200 d 2 and pump and valve engine 160 d 2 releasably together. Bolt or fastener 390 c holds pneumatic manifold 120 d 1 and pump and valve engine 160 d 1 releasably together. Bolt or fastener 390 d holds fluid manifold 200 d 1 and fluid manifold 200 d 2 releasably together. Bolt or fastener 390 e holds pneumatic manifold 120 d 2, pump and valve engine 160 d 2 and fluid manifold 200 d 2 releasably together. Bolt or fastener 390 f holds pneumatic manifold 120 d 2 and pump and valve engine 160 d 2 releasably together.

Removing outer bolts or fasteners 390 a, 390 c, 390 e and 390 f allows access to inner bolts or fasteners 390 b and 390 d. In this order, fluid management assembly 110 d may be deconstructed easily to replace any necessary components. Reversing that order enables fluid management assembly 110 d with replaced components to be easily reconstructed. FIG. 19B illustrates a top or bottom view of fluid management assembly 110 d showing that an array of bolts or fasteners may be inserted from outside of pneumatic manifold 120 d 1 or 120 d 2, e.g., in an ordered pattern, to ensure that sufficient pneumatic pressure is distributed evenly along the entire fluid management assembly to ensure that all gastketing and o-ring seals are adequately compressed for proper sealing.

FIGS. 19A and 19B further illustrate that mechanical fast release clamps 398 a, 398 b, 398 c and 398 d may be used to hold pneumatic manifolds 120 d 1, 120 d 2, pump and valve engines 160 d 1, 160 d 2 and fluid manifolds 200 d 1, 200 d 2 releasably together in x-y directions (where bolts or fasteners 390 a to 390 f clamp in a z-direction), which properly aligns the various chambers, flexible membranes 190, 192, o-rings 144, and sheet gasketing releasably in place prior to z-direction clamping via fasteners 390 a to 390 f and/or the structure and methodology discussed in connection with FIG. 10 . Fast release clamps 398 a, 398 b, 398 c and 398 d may be used exclusively or together with bolts and/or other fasteners.

It should be understood that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present subject matter and without diminishing its intended advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims. 

The invention is claimed as follows:
 1. A medical fluid machine comprising: a source of pneumatic pressure; a purified water line; a concentrate line; a to-extracorporeal circuit fresh dialysis fluid line; a from-extracorporeal circuit used dialysis fluid line; a drain line; a first medical fluid management assembly including a first pneumatic manifold in pneumatic communication with the source of pneumatic pressure, the first pneumatic manifold including a plurality of pneumatic passageways and a plurality of pneumatic connectors, a first pump and valve engine including a plurality of valve chambers and at least one pump chamber, the first pump and valve engine including a plurality of pneumatic connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the pneumatic connectors of the first pneumatic manifold, the first pump and valve engine further including a plurality of fluid connectors, and a first fluid manifold including a plurality of fluid pathways and a plurality of fluid connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the fluid connectors of the first pump and valve engine, the first fluid manifold in fluid communication with the purified water line, the concentrate line, and the to-extracorporeal circuit fresh dialysis fluid line; and a second medical fluid management assembly including a second pneumatic manifold in pneumatic communication with the source of pneumatic pressure, the second pneumatic manifold including a plurality of pneumatic passageways and a plurality of pneumatic connectors, a second pump and valve engine including a plurality of valve chambers and at least one pump chamber, the second pump and valve engine including a plurality of pneumatic connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the pneumatic connectors of the second pneumatic manifold, the second pump and valve engine further including a plurality of fluid connectors, and a second fluid manifold including a plurality of fluid pathways and a plurality of fluid connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the fluid connectors of the second pump and valve engine, the second fluid manifold in fluid communication with the drain line and the from-extracorporeal circuit used dialysis fluid line.
 2. The medical fluid machine of claim 1, wherein the first medical fluid management assembly is located at a first portion of the medical fluid machine and the second medical fluid management assembly is located at a second portion of the medical fluid machine.
 3. The medical fluid machine of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first pump and valve engine and the second pump and valve engine is included within a fluid pumping cassette that is removeably attached respectively to at least one of the first pneumatic manifold or the second pneumatic manifold.
 4. The medical fluid machine of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second pneumatic manifolds includes a plurality of plates mated together, at least one of the plates defining grooves forming the pneumatic passageways.
 5. The medical fluid machine of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second pump and valve engines includes first and second rigid plates at least partially separated by at least one flexible membrane.
 6. The medical fluid machine of claim 5, wherein the first and second rigid plates are separated at areas defining pump and valve chambers by the at least one flexible membrane.
 7. The medical fluid machine of claim 6, wherein the first and second rigid plates further define at least one of a balance chamber, a water accumulation chamber, a mixing chamber, a water deaeration chamber, or a dialysis fluid deaeration chamber.
 8. The medical fluid machine of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second fluid manifolds includes: at least one rigid plate forming the plurality of fluid pathways, or multiple rigid plates sealed together to form the plurality of fluid pathways.
 9. The medical fluid machine of claim 1, wherein the first fluid manifold is integrally formed with the second fluid manifold.
 10. The medical fluid machine of claim 1, further comprising a dialyzer fluidly connected to the to-extracorporeal circuit fresh dialysis fluid line and the from-extracorporeal circuit used dialysis fluid line.
 11. The medical fluid machine of claim 1, wherein the first pump and valve engine includes a mixing chamber, and wherein the first pump and valve engine is configured to mix purified water received from the purified water line and concentrate in the mixing chamber.
 12. The medical fluid machine of claim 11, which includes at least one conductivity sensor having a conductive insert held by the first fluid manifold, the insert positioned along one of the fluid pathways, the conductivity sensor further including a conductive conductivity probe held by the first pneumatic manifold, the conductivity probe mated with the conductive insert to provide measurements indicative as to whether the purified water has mixed with the concentrate according to a specified mixture concentration.
 13. A medical fluid machine comprising: a source of pneumatic pressure; a fresh dialysis fluid line; a to-extracorporeal circuit fresh dialysis fluid line; a from-extracorporeal circuit used dialysis fluid line; a drain line; a first medical fluid management assembly including a first pneumatic manifold in pneumatic communication with the source of pneumatic pressure, the first pneumatic manifold including a plurality of pneumatic passageways and a plurality of pneumatic connectors, a first pump and valve engine including a plurality of valve chambers and at least one pump chamber, the first pump and valve engine including a plurality of pneumatic connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the pneumatic connectors of the first pneumatic manifold, the first pump and valve engine further including a plurality of fluid connectors, and a first fluid manifold including a plurality of fluid pathways and a plurality of fluid connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the fluid connectors of the first pump and valve engine, the first fluid manifold in fluid communication with the fresh dialysis fluid line and the to-extracorporeal circuit fresh dialysis fluid line; a second medical fluid management assembly including a second pneumatic manifold in pneumatic communication with the source of pneumatic pressure, the second pneumatic manifold including a plurality of pneumatic passageways and a plurality of pneumatic connectors, a second pump and valve engine including a plurality of valve chambers and at least one pump chamber, the second pump and valve engine including a plurality of pneumatic connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the pneumatic connectors of the second pneumatic manifold, the second pump and valve engine further including a plurality of fluid connectors, and a second fluid manifold including a plurality of fluid pathways and a plurality of fluid connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the fluid connectors of the second pump and valve engine, the second fluid manifold in fluid communication with the drain line and the from-extracorporeal circuit used dialysis fluid line; and a dialyzer fluidly connected to the to-extracorporeal circuit fresh dialysis fluid line and the from-extracorporeal circuit used dialysis fluid line.
 14. The medical fluid machine of claim 13, wherein the first fluid manifold is integrally formed with the second fluid manifold.
 15. The medical fluid machine of claim 13, wherein at least one of the first pump and valve engine and the second pump and valve engine is included within a fluid pumping cassette that is removeably attached respectively to at least one of the first pneumatic manifold or the second pneumatic manifold.
 16. A medical fluid machine comprising: a source of pneumatic pressure; a to-blood filter line; a from-blood filter line; an arterial line; a venous line; a blood filter fluidly connected to the to-blood filter line and the from-blood filter line; a first medical fluid management assembly including a first pneumatic manifold in pneumatic communication with the source of pneumatic pressure, the first pneumatic manifold including a plurality of pneumatic passageways and a plurality of pneumatic connectors, a first pump and valve engine including a plurality of valve chambers and at least one pump chamber, the first pump and valve engine including a plurality of pneumatic connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the pneumatic connectors of the first pneumatic manifold, the first pump and valve engine further including a plurality of fluid connectors, and a first fluid manifold including a plurality of fluid pathways and a plurality of fluid connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the fluid connectors of the first pump and valve engine, the first fluid manifold in fluid communication with the from-blood filter line and the venous line; and a second medical fluid management assembly including a second pneumatic manifold in pneumatic communication with the source of pneumatic pressure, the second pneumatic manifold including a plurality of pneumatic passageways and a plurality of pneumatic connectors, a second pump and valve engine including a plurality of valve chambers and at least one pump chamber, the second pump and valve engine including a plurality of pneumatic connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the pneumatic connectors of the second pneumatic manifold, the second pump and valve engine further including a plurality of fluid connectors, and a second fluid manifold including a plurality of fluid pathways and a plurality of fluid connectors mated sealingly and releasably with the fluid connectors of the second pump and valve engine, the second fluid manifold in fluid communication with the to-blood filter line and the arterial line.
 17. The medical fluid machine of claim 16, wherein the blood filter includes a sepsis filter.
 18. The medical fluid machine of claim 16, wherein the first fluid manifold is integrally formed with the second fluid manifold.
 19. The medical fluid machine of claim 16, wherein at least one of the first pump and valve engine and the second pump and valve engine is included within a fluid pumping cassette that is removeably attached respectively to at least one of the first pneumatic manifold or the second pneumatic manifold.
 20. The medical fluid machine of claim 16, further comprising: first valves for selectively providing the pneumatic pressure or atmospheric pressure to the pneumatic passageways of the first pneumatic manifold; second valves for selectively providing the pneumatic pressure or atmospheric to the pneumatic passageways of the second pneumatic manifold; and a control unit electrically connected to and configured to control action of the first valves and the second valves.
 21. The medical fluid machine of claim 20, wherein at least one of the first valves or the second valves are pneumatic solenoid valves. 